Vol 97, No 7 (2018)

Introduction. There is a number of polymorphic genes, the products of which take part in the biotransformation process and possess of the different activity. As a result of an imbalance in the processes of xenobiotic biotransformation, there is occurred an accumulation of toxic electrophilic compounds, the rise in a mutagenic activity, that can be very important in the formation of congenital malformations. Therefore, the study of the association of gene polymorphisms of the first and second phases of biotransformation with various congenital malformations is topical.

The aim of the study. To investigate the role of the polymorphism of genes of the xenobiotic biotransformation system (CYP1A2*1F, GSTT1, GSTM1) encoding the enzymes I and II detoxification phases in women with the complicated obstetric history, residing in an industrial region.

Material and methods. A survey of 53 women of reproductive age living in the territory of Novokuznetsk was carried out. The comparison group (the control) consisted of 27 women. These women did not have spontaneous miscarriages, and they carried the fetus to term without congenital malformations. The study group included 26 women who gave birth to babies with congenital malformations. Genomic DNA was isolated by the phenol-chloroform extraction method followed by the ethanol precipitation. The molecular and genetic analysis of the gene polymorphism of cytochrome 1A2 (CYP1A2), glutathione S-transferase τ-1 (GSTT1) and glutathione S-transferase μ-1 (GSTM1) was carried out using Real-Time mode.

Results. A high risk of congenital fetal malformations in women with the A/A CYP1A2*1F genotype and resistance to these pathologies in the presence of a heterozygous form of the gene C/A CYP1A2*1F was revealed. The relationship between the high risk of stillbirth due to the placental insufficiency in women with deletion polymorphism of the gene GSTM1 “–”, while the normal functioning gene GSTM1 “+” was associated with the resistance to antenatal fetal death.

Introduction. The information environment of the society as an integral part of a human habitat is a factor of his health and must comply with safety requirements. As a result of the development of communication technologies on the basis of computer devices and the Internet, there have been significant changes in the information environment of the society and its impact on people. The study of the negative impact of the contemporary information environment on a human cannot be limited to physical and psychophysiological factors. A semantic component of the information itself is significant. Information environment has a negative impact on the cognitive and emotional sphere of his psyche. The object of information influence is the personality.

The objective of the paper is to study the formation of the contemporary information and communication environment of the society, the trends in its development, to define its main components and psychological peculiarities.

Material and methods. The method of investigation is a comparative analysis of the views of various authors and their theoretical generalization.

Results. Based on the analysis of publications, a current understanding of the information and communication environment of the society is presented. The formation of the information environment is connected with the development of technologies and tools for fixing, preserving and transferring social experience.

Six stages of the development of the means of the information transferring and preservation in the society are selected. Global informatization of the environment leads to the changes in people’s lives and activities. The picture of the human world, his worldview, his way of life are exposed to the effects of the information traffic. The risk factor is the deterioration of the human adaptation to new conditions. The changes within the individual do not keep up with the rapid changes in technology.

Conclusion. In the context of the new information and communication reality the importance of the problems of human ecology was shown to increase. The information environment of a society as an object of the study can be considered in the following aspects: a) as a human habitat; b) as a means of information human activities; c) as a system of communications, including interpersonal ones; d) as an information infrastructure that provides storage, access and use of information arrays.

Introduction. The paper presents the assessment of the aftereffects of the radiation exposure on the territory and the population of the Altai Krai following nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk Test Site. The peculiarity of the appearance of radiation doses of the population was that the overwhelming part of the dose formed by short-lived radionuclides. The main carrier of the negative impact of the nuclear weapon testing is the population of the Altai Krai resided in territories adjacent to test site during the period 1949-1963, as well as their descendants. The radiation situation on the territory of the region currently has no restrictions for residence and economic activities.

Material and methods. The assessment of the impact of the effects of nuclear testing requires the reconstruction of the effective radiation doses of the population. For this purpose, Methodical Guidance (MG 2.6.1.2574–2010) “Determination of total (accumulated) effective radiation doses of the subjects from the population exposed to radiation as a result of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk Test Site” was used. The calculations were made for 6.5 thousand citizens of the Russian Federation.

Results. To assess the remote consequences of the impact of the Semipalatinsk Test Site upon the health of the population living in the nearby areas, a regional segment of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Register across the Altai Territory was formed. Based on the results of compulsory special medical surveillance, the health of the contingents of the regional segment of the register was assessed. In 2017, the rate of common incidence increased significantly, and the rate of firstly revealed incidence was practically unchanged.

Conclusion. The most significant pathologies include diseases of the circulatory system, musculoskeletal system, digestive organs, endocrine system, nervous system and sensory organs, respiratory organs, genitourinary system and malignant neoplasms. The rate of the common mortality rate of the Register’s contingents has considerably decreased. The most significant causes of death are the diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, and respiratory diseases.

There was executed the ecological and geochemical assessment of the regional background of heavy metals (HM) and hydrocarbons in the soils of the Komi Republic. There were examined 249 soil samples taken from 15 organic horizons of the main types and subtypes of background soils from Usinsk and Pechora districts of the Komi Republic. The quantitative chemical analysis of HM in the soil samples was carried out by atomic absorption method: Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn — on atomic emission spectrometer Spectro Ciros inductively coupled argon plasma, Hg — using the RA-915+ mercury spectrometer on the pyrolytic prefix RP-91C. The concentration of hydrocarbons in the soil samples was determined by the value of the hexane extract of the fluorescence intensity measured on a liquid analyzer Fluorat-02. Background levels of HM and in the soils were found to be determined by characteristics of the particle size distribution of soil-forming rocks, as well as the arrangement of soil geochemical autonomous and subordinate landscapes. The basic amount of HM and hydrocarbons accumulated in the organic horizons: the largest, as a rule, in the soils of river valleys (flood), on flat depressions, poorly drained river ridges and gentle slopes (bog-podzolic and illuvial-ferruginous); the lowest — in the watersheds (podzols). Differentiation between HM and hydrocarbons in genetic horizons is more pronounced in loamy automorphic and less sandy, semi-hydromorphic and hydromorphic soils. For all soils, there is the typical eluvial-illuvial distribution of HM and hydrocarbons in the profile. The revealed pair correlations between the individual elements in the soils give an indication of the similar orientation of biogeochemical processes in the soil formation. The database of the content of HM and hydrocarbons in soils using GIS technology was created. The research results were the basis for the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Komi Republic of November 25, 2009 N 529 «On establishing norms background concentrations of chemical elements and hydrocarbons in the soils of the Komi Republic».

Introduction. The paper presents the authors’ view on the psychohygiene of the activity in entrepreneurs under which, on the one hand, the assessment of the business environment, on the other one — psycho-prevention and psycho-correction measures to preserve the mental health of the subjects engaged in business are understood. These conditions included economic, psychological, social aspects of entrepreneurship, which tend to cumulate, lead to a blockade of the ability and opportunities for self-development of the individual and subsequently to the emotional burnout syndrome of entrepreneurs. The peculiarities of psycho-correction work and the methods of preventing the emotional burnout syndrome were revealed.

Results and their discussion. Among those who appealed for counseling, 67.9% of the entrepreneurs felt psychoemotional, physical and intellectual overloads. The starting mechanism for the formation of preneurotic sub-depressive states included maladaptation in relation to the professional role performed. However, the development of the emotional burnout syndrome is a reversible process, which, in turn, allows being successfully leveled using psychotherapy and psycho-correction.

Conclusion. In the development of psycho-prevention and psycho-correction measures to preserve the mental health of the subjects engaged in business, the following ones are fundamental: the work with the entrepreneur to understand his emotional problem, identifying the source of stress from the position of self-organization, training the entrepreneur to grade stress, transforming the problems in favor of his own development. Primary psycho-prevention helps to predict the impact of negative factors on the psyche of entrepreneurs, the secondary one forms the correct perception of negative circumstances and the ability to cope with stress. Time management, the correct organization of the workplace, knowledge of modern technologies enhances the psycho-correction effect. In addition, the basic model of psychological aid to entrepreneurs should be complemented by anti-stress management training.

The authors report on the results of the study, showing children’s health to be the main factor, critical for the success of schooling activities. The conceptual model of the work is the influence of the pedagogical process on the psycho-emotional state as the particular regulator of psychosomatic characteristics of children, determining their health. The success in achieving biosocial tasks, such as exploring school program depends on the efficiency of the lack of adaptation (ill-health) prevention. The authors analyzed 5 modern pedagogical technologies in dynamics in regard to some health psycho somatic indices. In order to make the comprehensive evaluation of the results, the authors used the integral indices technique. The data were compared to those related to the control cohorts, involved children from the other forms, but the same age, who were taught by traditional methods. The most favorable indices correspond to the state of the somatic health in the children, who showed advanced physical activities as they were taught under the corrected conditions due to the special methods of teaching, namely in the regime of dynamic poses and collective techniques of teaching. Taking into account individual peculiarities related to the cognition and socialization, the authors marked the positive influence of diversity-oriented pedagogic technologies on the psychosomatic indices in terms of productive activities. The way of the monitoring evaluation with the involvement of the indices allows stable optimization of education activities including the choice of the most efficient technology for every school and preserving potential resources of children’s health.

Introduction. The article “Hygienic rationale for the use of specialized food products in the diet of athletes” is presented on the issue of the hygienic justification for the use of specialized food products of domestic and foreign production in the nutrition of athletes that promote their adaptive capabilities to physical and neuro-emotional stress and achieving high sports results that must meet hygiene safety requirements and nutritional value established in the Russian Federation by the sanitary rules and regulations and the technical regulations of the Customs Union and EurAsEC.

Material and methods. Specialized food products for the nutrition of athletes are allowed for production, storage, transportation, and sale after their state registration on the basis of the results of the hygienic assessment of the quality and safety of products in accordance with existing regulatory documents.

Results. The balance of nutrients, the given nutritional and energy value, allowing to carry out the metabolism with maximum directed efficiency, is the main characteristic of the products of sports nutrition. To confirm the effectiveness of protein-carbohydrate products, studies were conducted on the basis of the Moscow Region team of bodybuilding and fitness with the methodological support of the Moscow Bodybuilding Federation and Fitness Federation.

Discussion. The hygienic evaluation of specialized products for nutrition of athletes is carried out within the framework of the sanitary and epidemiological expertise for compliance with regulatory requirements for the quality and safety of the current technical regulations of the Customs Union, as well as relevant regulatory legal acts.

Conclusion. It is necessary to further improve the regulatory framework governing the production, storage, transportation, sale, quality and safety of specialized food products for athletes; to development a scientific methodology for the risk management in the system of ensuring the safety and quality of food for athletes, including their analysis, identification and evaluation; the conformity of the structure of nutrition and the developed rations to physical and emotional loads of sports activities, the individual physiological characteristics of each athlete and the modes of sports training.

Introduction. Hygienic rationing of the content of adverse substances in the air on the basis of an experimental study of their toxicity is aimed at the elaboration and creation of safe working conditions.

Material and methods. The toxic properties of the salicylic acid derivative (Mesalazine) have been studied in the experiments on out-bred and linear mice, rats, Guinea pigs, and rabbits kept in standard vivarium conditions and quarantined. In the experiments, various modes (single, repeated, chronic) and ways of exposure (intragastric, inhalation, epicutaneous) were simulated. The average lethal dose (LD₅₀) of Mesalazine and the threshold of a single acute exposure (Lim_as) were determined; irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes, cumulative and allergenic activity were estimated. In subacute and chronic intake, the main target organs were determined based on the results of biochemical and hematological studies.

Results. By the value of the average lethal doses Mesalazine has been established to have to be classified as a substance of the 3^rd hazard class (moderately hazardous). There were no significant differences in the species and the gender susceptibility of the animals to Mesalazine: the coefficient of species differences was 2.84; the coefficient of the gender susceptibility was 1.2, which was less than 3 units. In terms of the degree of specific blood damage, Mesalazine belongs to class V (no effect of the selective influence of the drug on the imbalance of various hemoglobin forms). Mesalazine has a weak ability to cumulate, have no irritating effects on the eyes and skin. Skin-resorptive and sensitizing effects were not revealed. Limas under the conditions of dynamic inhalation exposure is set at 30.4 mg/m³.

Conclusion. Maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of Mesalazine in the air of the working area as 0.5 mg/m³ is recommended (hazard class II). Compliance with this standard will ensure the health preservation and will eliminate the risk of developing occupational diseases.

The worldwide reduction of vaccination uptake due to the voluntary refusal by some subpopulations constitutes a significant threat to public health. The study aims to provide systematic description of the factors which influence attitudes or behaviors associated with a vaccination rejection. A systematic review was carried out in 2015 using the Web of Science database. The analysis included English-language articles published from 1980 to 2015 containing the results of original empirical research of the phenomenon of refusal of vaccination. Of the 679 records found 30 publications met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that the determination of non-vaccination is extremely variable. All factors refusal of vaccination discovered in the research were divided into four content blocks: 1) demographics and socioeconomic status; 2) cognitive; 3) behavioral and 4) other factors (a) vaccine-specific, b) health and medical conditions, c) social environment, d) informational influence. The active studying the vaccination refusal as a socio-psychological phenomenon last for about 15 years, the majority of studies performed in the United States and Canada. In more than 5 independent studies there were found links of non-vaccination attitudes or behavior to the following factors: the perceived low vaccine efficacy (cognitive factor); the idea of a high probability of serious side effects of vaccination and general vaccines unsafety (cognitive factor); low level of trust to "official" medicine and public entities (cognitive factor); use of complementary and alternative medicine by family members (behavioral factors). Other potentially important factors found in 5 studies were: low perceived risk of vaccine preventable diseases and the perceived potential harm of vaccination to the immune system of the child (cognitive factors). The systematic review revealed a general underestimation of the social and psychological factors in the study of the phenomenon of non-vaccination and an emphasis on cognitive factors.

The article is devoted to the history and development of the sanitary service in the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, the implementation of state quarantine policy in the territory of a vast state. Special attention is given to legislative measures to ensure relevant measures for the prevention and spread of epidemics and epizootics in connection with the expansion of trade and economic relations of Russia with foreign countries. There was proposed the periodization of state quarantine policies during the XVIII century. The establishment of quarantine at customs houses marked the beginning of a new phase in the implementation of state quarantine policies that have received systemic nature. For the first time in Russian history, there were worked out unified approaches to organizing primary health care. The expansion of trade relations of Russia with foreign countries has caused the need to gather information on the presence of epidemics abroad. With this goal, our diplomats, and the Russian merchants arriving from abroad were obliged to inform the border service of the spread of infectious diseases. The article proves both the level of the development of sanitary and quarantine cases in the XVIII century are not inferior to European. This was due, in particular, the fact that the service in the Russian Empire invited the best physicians from different European countries. Also by the end of the century, Russia has accumulated a unique experience in the sphere of health protection, hygiene, and quarantine. Special attention has been paid to the rules of trade in foodstuffs in the settlements. In the army and navy, there were legally established measures to comply with sanitary-hygienic and preventive requirements. A significant role in health education of the population in the Russian Empire played the Russian Orthodox Church.

1 ноября 2018 года исполняется 70 лет со дня рождения и 44 года научно-педагогической и общественной деятельности профессора Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова МЗ (Сеченовский Университет) Мельниченко Павла Ивановича. Павел Иванович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заслуженный врач РФ, генерал-майор медицинской службы, лауреат премии им. Г.К. Жукова, академик РАЕН, один из ведущих гигиенистов страны, врач высшей категории, крупный учёный и педагог, известный в России и за рубежом.