Exercise as Treatment for "Stress-Related" Mental Disorders


Citar

Texto integral

Resumo

The beneficial impact of physical activity on preventing and treating mental disorders has captured growing (research) interest. This article aims to provide a concise overview of essential evidence regarding the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of physical activity for individuals with mental disorders clustered as "stress-related" conditions. Empirical findings (e.g., longitudinalprospective studies, interventional randomized-controlled-trials, reviews, meta-analyses) regarding the effects of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of stress-related mental disorders are summarized. Furthermore, potential mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed, and recommendations regarding the use of physical activity are outlined. The majority of studies indicate good efficacy of physical activity in prospectively lowering the risk for the incidence of subsequent stress-related mental disorders as well as in the treatment of manifest disorders. Most evidence targets unipolar depressive disorder and, secondly, anxiety disorders. Research regarding posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and somatoform disorders is promising but scarce. Physical activity seems to be useful as a stand-alone-treatment as well as in combination with other psychotherapeutic or pharmacological treatments. Multiple intertwined physiological, psychological, and social mechanisms are assumed to mediate the beneficial effects. Recommendations regarding physical activity can orientate on official guidelines but should consider the individual needs and circumstances of each subject. In summary, physical activity seems to be effective in the prevention and treatment of stressrelated mental disorders and, therefore, should be fostered in healthcare-settings. Future studies are needed to clarify partly inconsistent patterns of results and to close research gaps, e.g., concerning somatoform disorders.

Sobre autores

Antonia Bendau

Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin,

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: info@benthamscience.net

Moritz Petzold

Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin,

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Jan Kaminski

Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin,

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Jens Plag

Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Andreas Ströhle

Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Bibliografia

  1. Ströhle, A. Sports psychiatry: Mental health and mental disorders in athletes and exercise treatment of mental disorders. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2019, 269(5), 485-498. doi: 10.1007/s00406-018-0891-5 PMID: 29564546
  2. Stubbs, B.; Rosenbaum, S. Eds.; Exercise Based Interventions for Mental Illness: Physical Activity as Part of Clinical Treatment; Elsevier: Academic Press: London, 2018.
  3. Bendau, A.; Petzold, M.B.; Ströhle, A. Movement, physical activity and sport in the development and treatment of mental illnesses.In:Sportpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie; Ströhle, A., Ed.; Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023.
  4. Kennis, M.; Gerritsen, L.; van Dalen, M.; Williams, A.; Cuijpers, P.; Bockting, C. Prospective biomarkers of major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol. Psychiatry, 2020, 25(2), 321-338. doi: 10.1038/s41380-019-0585-z PMID: 31745238
  5. Pan, X.; Wang, Z.; Wu, X.; Wen, S.W.; Liu, A. Salivary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 2018, 18(1), 324. doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-1910-9 PMID: 30290789
  6. Zorn, J.V.; Schür, R.R.; Boks, M.P.; Kahn, R.S.; Joëls, M.; Vinkers, C.H. Cortisol stress reactivity across psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2017, 77, 25-36. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.036 PMID: 28012291
  7. Meewisse, M.L.; Reitsma, J.B.; De Vries, G.J.; Gersons, B.P.R.; Olff, M. Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2007, 191(5), 387-392. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024877 PMID: 17978317
  8. Sousa-Lima, J.; Moreira, P.S.; Raposo-Lima, C.; Sousa, N.; Morgado, P. Relationship be-tween obsessive compulsive disorder and cortisol: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2019, 29, 1185-1198.
  9. Pedrosa Gil, F.; Bidlingmaier, M.; Ridout, N.; Scheidt, C.E.; Caton, S.; Schoechlin, C.; Nickel, M. The relationship between alexithymia and salivary cortisol levels in somatoform disorders. Nord. J. Psychiatry, 2008, 62(5), 366-373. doi: 10.1080/08039480801983554 PMID: 18752108
  10. Rief, W.; Auer, C. Cortisol and somatization. Biol. Psychol., 2000, 53(1), 13-23. doi: 10.1016/S0301-0511(00)00042-9 PMID: 10876062
  11. World Health Organization Physical activity., https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity
  12. Schuch, F.B.; Stubbs, B. The role of exercise in preventing and treating depression. Curr. Sports Med. Rep., 2019, 18(8), 299-304. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000620 PMID: 31389872
  13. Rebar, A.L.; Stanton, R.; Geard, D.; Short, C.; Duncan, M.J.; Vandelanotte, C. A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations. Health Psychol. Rev., 2015, 9(3), 366-378. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2015.1022901 PMID: 25739893
  14. Panza, M.J.; Graupensperger, S.; Agans, J.P.; Doré, I.; Vella, S.A.; Evans, M.B. Adolescent sport participation and symptoms of anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol., 2020, 42(3), 201-218. doi: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0235 PMID: 32438339
  15. Bendau, A.; Petzold, M.; Ströhle, A. Exercise, physical activity and sport in depressive disorders. Neurotransmitter, 2022, 33(1-2), 52-61. doi: 10.1007/s15016-021-9343-y
  16. Hallgren, M.; Nguyen, T.T.D.; Herring, M.P.; McDowell, C.P.; Gordon, B.R.; Stubbs, B.; Bellocco, R.; Lagerros, Y.T. Associations of physical activity with anxiety symptoms and disorders: Findings from the Swedish National March Cohort. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry, 2019, 58, 45-50. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.03.001 PMID: 30884441
  17. Ströhle, A.; Höfler, M.; Pfister, H.; Müller, A.G.; Hoyer, J.; Wittchen, H.U.; Lieb, R. Physical activity and prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults. Psychol. Med., 2007, 37(11), 1657-1666. doi: 10.1017/S003329170700089X PMID: 17579930
  18. Barker, J.; Smith Byrne, K.; Doherty, A.; Foster, C.; Rahimi, K.; Ramakrishnan, R.; Woodward, M.; Dwyer, T. Physical activity of UK adults with chronic disease: Cross sectional analysis of accelerometer measured physical activity in 96 706 UK Biobank participants. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2019, 48(4), 1386. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyz148
  19. Rosenbaum, S.; Tiedemann, A.; Stanton, R.; Parker, A.; Waterreus, A.; Curtis, J.; Ward, P.B. Implementing evidence-based physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: an Australian perspective. Australas. Psychiatry, 2016, 24(1), 49-54. doi: 10.1177/1039856215590252 PMID: 26139698
  20. van den Berk-Clark, C.; Secrest, S.; Walls, J.; Hallberg, E.; Lustman, P.J.; Schneider, F.D.; Scherrer, J.F. Association between posttraumatic stress disorder and lack of exercise, poor diet, obesity, and co-occuring smoking: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Health Psychol., 2018, 37, 407-416.
  21. Utsumi, Y.; Nemoto, H.; Nakaya, N.; Nakamura, T.; Tsuchiya, N.; Narita, A.; Kogure, M.; Suzuki, T.; Seto, M.; Katayanagi, M.; Okuyama, J.; Sakuma, A.; Honda, N.; Sugawara, Y.; Kaye-Kauderer, H.; Takahashi, Y.; Kayama, A.; Kakuto, Y.; Kohzuki, M.; Hozawa, A.; Tsuji, I.; Tomita, H. The impact of health consciousness on the association between walking durations and mental health conditions after a disaster: A cross-sectional study. Sports Med. Open, 2020, 6(1), 30. doi: 10.1186/s40798-020-00259-6 PMID: 32676856
  22. Oppizzi, L.M.; Umberger, R. The effect of physical activity on PTSD. Issues Ment. Health Nurs., 2018, 39(2), 179-187. doi: 10.1080/01612840.2017.1391903 PMID: 29319376
  23. Rosenbaum, S.; Sherrington, C.; Tiedemann, A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 2015, 131(5), 350-359. doi: 10.1111/acps.12371 PMID: 25443996
  24. ten Have, M.; de Graaf, R.; Monshouwer, K. Physical exercise in adults and mental health status. J. Psychosom. Res., 2011, 71(5), 342-348. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.04.001 PMID: 21999978
  25. Roenneberg, C. S3 guideline Functional physical complaints. 2018.
  26. O’Connor, P.J.; Herring, M.P.; McDowell, C.P.; Dishman, R.K. Physical activity is indirectly associated with pain in college women through associations with somatization and panic disorder symptoms: a cross-sectional study. Ann. Epidemiol., 2019, 33, 37-43. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.02.008 PMID: 30905543
  27. Sfendla, A.; Hadrya, F. Factors associated with psychological distress and physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Secur., 2020, 18(6), 444-453. doi: 10.1089/hs.2020.0062 PMID: 32946286
  28. Bendau, A.; Plag, J.; Kunas, S.; Wyka, S.; Ströhle, A.; Petzold, M.B. Longitudinal changes in anxiety and psychological distress, and associated risk and protective factors during the first three months of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Brain Behav., 2021, 11(2), e01964. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1964 PMID: 33230969
  29. Petzold, M.B.; Bendau, A.; Plag, J.; Pyrkosch, L.; Mascarell Maricic, L.; Betzler, F.; Rogoll, J.; Große, J.; Ströhle, A. Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Brain Behav., 2020, 10(9), e01745. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1745 PMID: 32633464
  30. Brand, R.; Timme, S.; Nosrat, S. When pandemic hits: Exercise frequency and subjective well-being during COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Psychol., 2020, 11, 570567. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570567 PMID: 33071902
  31. Petzold, M.B.; Bendau, A.; Ströhle, A. Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of anxiety disorders. Psychotherapeut, 2020, 65(3), 135-142. doi: 10.1007/s00278-020-00414-0
  32. Ströhle, A.; Bendau, A.; Augustin, N.; Esch, A.D.; Große, J.; Kaminski, J.; Petzold, M.B.; Plag, J.; Schmidt, M.; Schütte, M.; Strehle, N.; Wendt, N. Sportpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie. Nervenarzt, 2022, 93(7), 742-753. doi: 10.1007/s00115-022-01342-x PMID: 35781520
  33. Schuch, F.B.; Vancampfort, D.; Firth, J.; Rosenbaum, S.; Ward, P.B.; Silva, E.S.; Hallgren, M.; Ponce De Leon, A.; Dunn, A.L.; Deslandes, A.C.; Fleck, M.P.; Carvalho, A.F.; Stubbs, B. Physical activity and incident depression: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2018, 175(7), 631-648. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111194 PMID: 29690792
  34. Huang, Y.; Li, L.; Gan, Y.; Wang, C.; Jiang, H.; Cao, S.; Lu, Z. Sedentary behaviors and risk of depression: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Transl. Psychiatry, 2020, 10(1), 26. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-0715-z PMID: 32066686
  35. Mammen, G.; Faulkner, G. Physical activity and the prevention of depression: A systematic review of prospective studies. Am. J. Prev. Med., 2013, 45(5), 649-657. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.001 PMID: 24139780
  36. Fernandez-Montero, A.; Moreno-Galarraga, L.; Sánchez-Villegas, A.; Lahortiga-Ramos, F.; Ruiz-Canela, M.; Martínez-González, M.Á.; Molero, P. Dimensions of leisure-time physical activity and risk of depression in the "Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra" (SUN) prospective cohort. BMC Psychiatry, 2020, 20(1), 98. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02502-6 PMID: 32131773
  37. Choi, K.W.; Chen, C.Y.; Stein, M.B.; Klimentidis, Y.C.; Wang, M.J.; Koenen, K.C.; Smoller, J.W. Assessment of bidirectional relationships between physical activity and depression among adults. JAMA Psychiatry, 2019, 76(4), 399-408. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4175 PMID: 30673066
  38. Gunnell, K.E.; Flament, M.F.; Buchholz, A.; Henderson, K.A.; Obeid, N.; Schubert, N.; Goldfield, G.S. Examining the bidirectional relationship between physical activity, screen time, and symptoms of anxiety and depression over time during adolescence. Prev. Med., 2016, 88, 147-152. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.04.002 PMID: 27090920
  39. Roshanaei-Moghaddam, B.; Katon, W.J.; Russo, J. The longitudinal effects of depression on physical activity. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry, 2009, 31(4), 306-315. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.04.002 PMID: 19555789
  40. Suetani, S.; Stubbs, B.; McGrath, J.J.; Scott, J.G. Physical activity of people with mental disorders compared to the general population: A systematic review of longitudinal cohort studies. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol., 2019, 54(12), 1443-1457. doi: 10.1007/s00127-019-01760-4 PMID: 31444516
  41. Herring, M.P. Exercise for the management of anxiety and stress-related disorders.In: Exercise Based Interventions for Mental Illness: Physical Activity as Part of Clinical Treatment; Stubbs, B.; Rosenbaum, S., Eds.; Elsevier: Academic Press: London, 2018, pp. 19-52. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812605-9.00002-2
  42. Suetani, S.; Mamun, A.; Williams, G.M.; Najman, J.M.; McGrath, J.J.; Scott, J.G. Longitudinal association between physical activity engagement during adolescence and mental health outcomes in young adults: A 21-year birth cohort study. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2017, 94, 116-123. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.06.013 PMID: 28704729
  43. Bandelow, B.; Reitt, M.; Röver, C.; Michaelis, S.; Görlich, Y.; Wedekind, D. Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2015, 30(4), 183-192. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000078 PMID: 25932596
  44. Schuch, F.B.; Stubbs, B.; Meyer, J.; Heissel, A.; Zech, P.; Vancampfort, D.; Rosenbaum, S.; Deenik, J.; Firth, J.; Ward, P.B.; Carvalho, A.F.; Hiles, S.A. Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: A meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies. Depress. Anxiety, 2019, 36(9), 846-858. doi: 10.1002/da.22915 PMID: 31209958
  45. Schuch, F.B.; Vancampfort, D.; Richards, J.; Rosenbaum, S.; Ward, P.B.; Stubbs, B. Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2016, 77, 42-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.023 PMID: 26978184
  46. Morres, I.D.; Hatzigeorgiadis, A.; Stathi, A.; Comoutos, N.; Arpin-Cribbie, C.; Krommidas, C.; Theodorakis, Y. Aerobic exercise for adult patients with major depressive disorder in mental health services: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress. Anxiety, 2019, 36(1), 39-53. doi: 10.1002/da.22842 PMID: 30334597
  47. Oberste, M.; Medele, M.; Javelle, F.; Lioba, W.H.; Walter, D.; Bloch, W.; Bender, S.; Fricke, O.; Joisten, N.; Walzik, D.; Großheinrich, N.; Zimmer, P. Physical activity for the treatment of adolescent depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Physiol., 2020, 11, 185. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00185 PMID: 32265725
  48. Bailey, A.P.; Hetrick, S.E.; Rosenbaum, S.; Purcell, R.; Parker, A.G. Treating depression with physical activity in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Psychol. Med., 2018, 48(7), 1068-1083. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717002653 PMID: 28994355
  49. Klil-Drori, S.; Klil-Drori, A.J.; Pira, S.; Rej, S. Exercise intervention for late-life depression: A meta-analysis. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2020, 81(1), 6914. doi: 10.4088/JCP.19r12877 PMID: 31967748
  50. Purgato, M.; Adams, C.E. Heterogeneity: The issue of apples, oranges and fruit pie. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci., 2012, 21(1), 27-29. doi: 10.1017/S2045796011000643 PMID: 22670409
  51. Ledochowski, L.; Stark, R.; Ruedl, G.; Kopp, M. Physical activity as a therapeutic intervention in depression. Nervenarzt, 2017, 88(7), 765-778. doi: 10.1007/s00115-016-0222-x PMID: 27679515
  52. Blumenthal, J.A.; Babyak, M.A.; Doraiswamy, P.M.; Watkins, L.; Hoffman, B.M.; Barbour, K.A.; Herman, S.; Craighead, W.E.; Brosse, A.L.; Waugh, R.; Hinderliter, A.; Sherwood, A. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosom. Med., 2007, 69(7), 587-596. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318148c19a PMID: 17846259
  53. Petzold, M.B.; Bendau, A.; Plag, J.; Ströhle, A. Movement, training and sport and psychotherapeutic treatment methods. In: Sport und Bewegung in Therapie und Prävention bei psychischen Erkrankungen; Claussen, M.C.; Seifritz, E., Eds.; Hogrefe: Bern, 2023.
  54. Trivedi, M.H.; Greer, T.L.; Grannemann, B.D.; Chambliss, H.O.; Jordan, A.N. Exercise as an augmentation strategy for treatment of major depression. J. Psychiatr. Pract., 2006, 12(4), 205-213. doi: 10.1097/00131746-200607000-00002 PMID: 16883145
  55. Ranjbar, E.; Memari, A.H.; Hafizi, S.; Shayestehfar, M.; Mirfazeli, F.S.; Eshghi, M.A. Depression and exercise: A clinical review and management guideline. Asian J. Sports Med., 2015, 6(2), e24055. doi: 10.5812/asjsm.6(2)2015.24055 PMID: 26448838
  56. Bundesärztekammer (BÄK); Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV); Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). Nationale Versorgungsleitlinie Unipolare Depression - Langfassung, Version 3.0, , 2022.
  57. Meyer, J.D.; Koltyn, K.F.; Stegner, A.J.; Kim, J.S.; Cook, D.B. Influence of exercise intensity for improving depressed mood in depression: A dose-response study. Behav. Ther., 2016, 47(4), 527-537. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.04.003 PMID: 27423168
  58. Aylett, E.; Small, N.; Bower, P. Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv. Res., 2018, 18(1), 559. doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5 PMID: 30012142
  59. Lindenberger, B.L.; Plag, J.; Schumacher, S.; Gaudlitz, K.; Bischoff, S.; Bobbert, T.; Dimeo, F.; Petzold, M.B.; Kirschbaum, C.; Dudás, Z.; Ströhle, A. Clinical and neurobiological effects of aerobic exercise in dental phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Depress. Anxiety, 2017, 34(11), 1040-1048. doi: 10.1002/da.22659 PMID: 28556577
  60. Ströhle, A.; Graetz, B.; Scheel, M.; Wittmann, A.; Feller, C.; Heinz, A.; Dimeo, F. The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2009, 43(12), 1013-1017. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.004 PMID: 19289240
  61. Esquivel, G.; Díaz-Galvis, J.; Schruers, K.; Berlanga, C.; Lara-Muñoz, C.; Griez, E. Acute exercise reduces the effects of a 35% CO2 challenge in patients with panic disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 2008, 107(1-3), 217-220. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.022 PMID: 17727960
  62. Stubbs, B.; Vancampfort, D.; Rosenbaum, S.; Firth, J.; Cosco, T.; Veronese, N.; Salum, G.A.; Schuch, F.B. An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res., 2017, 249, 102-108. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.020 PMID: 28088704
  63. Stonerock, G.L.; Hoffman, B.M.; Smith, P.J.; Blumenthal, J.A. Exercise as treatment for anxiety: Systematic review and analysis. Ann. Behav. Med., 2015, 49, 542-556.
  64. Hovland, A.; Nordhus, I.H.; Sjøbø, T.; Gjestad, B.A.; Birknes, B.; Martinsen, E.W.; Torsheim, T.; Pallesen, S. Comparing physical exercise in groups to group cognitive behaviour therapy for the treatment of panic disorder in a randomized controlled trial. Behav. Cogn. Psychother., 2013, 41(4), 408-432. doi: 10.1017/S1352465812000446 PMID: 22874661
  65. Meyer, J.; Schuch, F.B. Exercise for the prevention and treatment of depression.In:Exercise-Based Interventions for Mental Illness; Stubbs, B.; Rosenbaum, S., Eds.; Academic Press, 2018, pp. 1-18. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812605-9.00001-0
  66. Plag, J.; Schmidt-Hellinger, P.; Klippstein, T.; Mumm, J.L.M.; Wolfarth, B.; Petzold, M.B.; Ströhle, A. Working out the worries: A randomized controlled trial of high intensity interval training in generalized anxiety disorder. J. Anxiety Disord., 2020, 76, 102311. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102311 PMID: 33007710
  67. Plag, J.; Ergec, D.L.; Fydrich, T.; Ströhle, A. High-intensity interval training in panic disorder patients. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 2019, 207(3), 184-187. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000944 PMID: 30724830
  68. Bischoff, S.; Wieder, G.; Einsle, F.; Petzold, M.B.; Janßen, C.; Mumm, J.L.M.; Wittchen, H.U.; Fydrich, T.; Plag, J.; Ströhle, A. Running for extinction? Aerobic exercise as an augmentation of exposure therapy in panic disorder with agoraphobia. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2018, 101, 34-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.03.001 PMID: 29539585
  69. Jacquart, J.; Roquet, R.F.; Papini, S.; Powers, M.B.; Rosenfield, D.; Smits, J.A.J.; Monfils, M.H. Effects of acute exercise on fear extinction in rats and exposure therapy in humans: Null findings from five experiments. J. Anxiety Disord., 2017, 50, 76-86. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.05.010 PMID: 28618306
  70. Gaudlitz, K.; Plag, J.; Dimeo, F.; Ströhle, A. Aerobic exercise training facilitates the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in panic disorder. Depress. Anxiety, 2015, 32(3), 221-228. doi: 10.1002/da.22337 PMID: 25515221
  71. Bandelow, B.; Wiltink, J.; Alpers, G.W.; Benecke, C.; Deckert, J.; Eckhardt-Henn, A.; Ehrig, C.; Engel, E.; Falkai, P.; Geiser, F.; Gerlach, A.L.; Harfst, T.; Hau, S.; Joraschky, P.; Kellner, M.; Köllner, V.; Kopp, I.; Langs, G.; Lichte, T.; Liebeck, H.; Matzat, J.; Reitt, M.; Rüddel, H.P.; Rudolf, S.; Schick, G.; Schweiger, U.; Simon, R.; Springer, A.; Staats, H.; Ströhle, A.; Ströhm, W.; Waldherr, B.; Watzke, B.; Wedekind, D.; Zottl, C.; Zwanzger, P.; Beutel, M.E. Deutsche S3-Leitlinie Behandlung von Angststörungen, Version 2; ,, 2021.
  72. Bandelow, B.; Allgulander, C.; Baldwin, D.S. Costa, Daniel Lucas da Conceição; Denys, D.; Dilbaz, N.; Domschke, K.; Eriksson, E.; Fineberg, N.A.; Hättenschwiler, J. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders–Version 3. Part I: Anxiety disorders. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2022, 1-39.
  73. Björkman, F.; Ekblom, Ö. Physical exercise as treatment for PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mil. Med., 2022, 187(9-10), e1103-e1113. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usab497 PMID: 34850063
  74. Motta, R.W.; McWilliams, M.E.; Schwartz, J.T.; Cavera, R.S. The role of exercise in reducing childhood and adolescent PTSD, anxiety, and depression. J. Appl. Sch. Psychol., 2012, 28(3), 224-238. doi: 10.1080/15377903.2012.695765
  75. Rosenbaum, S.; Vancampfort, D.; Steel, Z.; Newby, J.; Ward, P.B.; Stubbs, B. Physical activity in the treatment of Post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res., 2015, 230(2), 130-136. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.10.017 PMID: 26500072
  76. Powers, M.B.; Medina, J.L.; Burns, S.; Kauffman, B.Y.; Monfils, M.; Asmundson, G.J.G.; Diamond, A.; McIntyre, C.; Smits, J.A.J. Exercise augmentation of exposure therapy for PTSD: Rationale and pilot efficacy data. Cogn. Behav. Ther., 2015, 44(4), 314-327. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2015.1012740 PMID: 25706090
  77. Nilsson, H.; Saboonchi, F.; Gustavsson, C.; Malm, A.; Gottvall, M. Trauma-afflicted refugees’ experiences of participating in physical activity and exercise treatment: A qualitative study based on focus group discussions. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol., 2019, 10(1), 1699327. doi: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1699327 PMID: 31853335
  78. Nordbrandt, M.S.; Sonne, C.; Mortensen, E.L.; Carlsson, J. Trauma-affected refugees treated with basic body awareness therapy or mixed physical activity as augmentation to treatment as usual—A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. PLoS One, 2020, 15(3), e0230300. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230300 PMID: 32163509
  79. Schäfer, I.; Gast, U.; Hofmann, A.; Knaevelsrud, C.; Lampe, A.; Liebermann, P.; Lotzin, A.; Maercker, A.; Rosner, R.; Wöller, W. S3-Leitlinie Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung; Springer, 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-59783-5
  80. Babson, K.A.; Heinz, A.J.; Ramirez, G.; Puckett, M.; Irons, J.G.; Bonn-Miller, M.O.; Woodward, S.H. The interactive role of exercise and sleep on veteran recovery from symptoms of PTSD. Ment. Health Phys. Act., 2015, 8, 15-20. doi: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2014.12.002
  81. LeBouthillier, D.M.; Fetzner, M.G.; Asmundson, G.J.G. Lower cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with greater reduction in PTSD symptoms and anxiety sensitivity following aerobic exercise. Ment. Health Phys. Act., 2016, 10, 33-39. doi: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2015.11.001
  82. Abrantes, A.M.; Brown, R.A.; Strong, D.R.; McLaughlin, N.; Garnaat, S.L.; Mancebo, M.; Riebe, D.; Desaulniers, J.; Yip, A.G.; Rasmussen, S.; Greenberg, B.D. A pilot randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise as an adjunct to OCD treatment. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry, 2017, 49, 51-55. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.06.010 PMID: 29122148
  83. Abrantes, A.M.; Farris, S.G.; Brown, R.A.; Greenberg, B.D.; Strong, D.R.; McLaughlin, N.C.; Riebe, D. Acute effects of aerobic exercise on negative affect and obsessions and compulsions in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 2019, 245, 991-997. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.074 PMID: 30699885
  84. Brown, R.A.; Abrantes, A.M.; Strong, D.R.; Mancebo, M.C.; Menard, J.; Rasmussen, S.A.; Greenberg, B.D. A pilot study of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for obsessive compulsive disorder. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 2007, 195(6), 514-520. doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000253730.31610.6c PMID: 17568300
  85. Euteneuer, F.; Schwarz, M.J.; Schmidmaier, R.; Hennings, A.; Riemer, S.; Stapf, T.M.; Selberdinger, V.B.; Süssenbach, P.; Dannehl, K.; Rief, W. Blunted exercise-induced mobilization of monocytes in somatization syndromes and major depression. J. Affect. Disord., 2014, 166, 156-164. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.060 PMID: 25012425
  86. Hennings, A.; Schwarz, M.J.; Riemer, S.; Stapf, T.M.; Selberdinger, V.B.; Rief, W. Exercise affects symptom severity but not biological measures in depression and somatization – Results on IL-6, neopterin, tryptophan, kynurenine and 5-HIAA. Psychiatry Res., 2013, 210(3), 925-933. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.018 PMID: 24140252
  87. Hausteiner-Wiehle, C.; Schäfert, R.; Sattel, H.; Ronel, J.; Herrmann, M.; Häuser, W.; Martin, A.; Henningsen, P. New guidelines on functional and somatoform disorders. Psychother. Psychosom. Med. Psychol., 2013, 63(1), 26-31. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1323743 PMID: 23341111
  88. Greenwood, B.N.; Strong, P.V.; Loughridge, A.B.; Day, H.E.W.; Clark, P.J.; Mika, A.; Hellwinkel, J.E.; Spence, K.G.; Fleshner, M. 5-HT2C receptors in the basolateral amygdala and dorsal striatum are a novel target for the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of exercise. PLoS One, 2012, 7(9), e46118. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046118 PMID: 23049953
  89. Gomez-Merino, D.; Béquet, F.; Berthelot, M.; Chennaoui, M.; Guezennec, C.Y. Site-dependent effects of an acute intensive exercise on extracellular 5-HTand 5-HIAA levels in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett., 2001, 301(2), 14-16.
  90. Broocks, A.; Meyer, T.C.G.; Hillmer-Vogel, U.; George, A.; Bartmann, U.; Bandelow, B. Effect of aerobic exercise on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine and to ipsapirone in untrained healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology , 2001, 155(3), 234-241. doi: 10.1007/s002130100706 PMID: 11432685
  91. Schuch, F.B.; Deslandes, A.C.; Stubbs, B.; Gosmann, N.P.; Silva, C.T.B.; Fleck, M.P.A. Neurobiological effects of exercise on major depressive disorder: A systematic review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2016, 61, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.012 PMID: 26657969
  92. Sciolino, N.R.; Holmes, P.V. Exercise offers anxiolytic potential: A role for stress and brain noradrenergic-galaninergic mechanisms. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2012, 36(9), 1965-1984. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.005 PMID: 22771334
  93. DeBoer, L.B.; Powers, M.B.; Utschig, A.C.; Otto, M.W.; Smits, J.A.J. Exploring exercise as an avenue for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Expert Rev. Neurother., 2012, 12(8), 1011-1022. doi: 10.1586/ern.12.73 PMID: 23002943
  94. Van Hoomissen, J.D.; Holmes, P.V.; Zellner, A.S.; Poudevigne, A.; Dishman, R.K. Effects of β-adrenoreceptor blockade during chronic exercise on contextual fear conditioning and mRNA for galanin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Behav. Neurosci., 2004, 118(6), 1378-1390. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.118.6.1378 PMID: 15598146
  95. Streeter, C.C.; Whitfield, T.H.; Owen, L.; Rein, T.; Karri, S.K.; Yakhkind, A.; Perlmutter, R.; Prescot, A.; Renshaw, P.F.; Ciraulo, D.A.; Jensen, J.E. Effects of yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels: A randomized controlled MRS study. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 2010, 16(11), 1145-1152. doi: 10.1089/acm.2010.0007 PMID: 20722471
  96. Dishman, R.K.; Dunn, A.L.; Youngstedt, S.D.; Davis, J.M.; Burgess, M.L.; Wilson, S.P.; Wilso, M.A. Increased open field locomotion and decreased striatal GABAA binding after activity wheel running. Physiol. Behav., 1996, 60(3), 699-705. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(96)00102-3 PMID: 8873239
  97. Asmundson, G.J.G.; Fetzner, M.G.; DeBoer, L.B.; Powers, M.B.; Otto, M.W.; Smits, J.A.J. Let’s get physical: A contemporary review of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for anxiety and its disorders. Depress. Anxiety, 2013, 30(4), 362-373. doi: 10.1002/da.22043 PMID: 23300122
  98. Zschucke, E.; Renneberg, B.; Dimeo, F.; Wüstenberg, T.; Ströhle, A. The stress-buffering effect of acute exercise: Evidence for HPA axis negative feedback. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2015, 51, 414-425. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.019 PMID: 25462913
  99. Lattova, Z.; Keckeis, M.; Maurovich-Horvat, E.; Wetter, T.C.; Wilde-Frenz, J.; Schuld, A.; Pollmächer, T. The stress hormone system in various sleep disorders. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2011, 45(9), 1223-1228. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.013 PMID: 21501849
  100. Kandola, A.; Ashdown-Franks, G.; Hendrikse, J.; Sabiston, C.M.; Stubbs, B. Physical activity and depression: Towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2019, 107, 525-539. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040 PMID: 31586447
  101. Beserra, A.H.N.; Kameda, P.; Deslandes, A.C.; Schuch, F.B.; Laks, J.; Moraes, H.S. Can physical exercise modulate cortisol level in subjects with depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trends Psychiatry Psychother., 2018, 40(4), 360-368. doi: 10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0155 PMID: 30570106
  102. Ströhle, A.; Feller, C.; Jstrasburger, C.; Heinz, A.; Dimeo, F. Anxiety modulation by the heart? Aerobic exercise and atrial natriuretic peptide. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2006, 31(9), 1127-1130. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.08.003 PMID: 17010527
  103. Morris, N.L.; Ippolito, J.A.; Curtis, B.J.; Chen, M.M.; Friedman, S.L.; Hines, I.N.; Haddad, G.E.; Chang, S.L.; Brown, L.A.; Waldschmidt, T.J.; Mandrekar, P.; Kovacs, E.J.; Choudhry, M.A. Alcohol and inflammatory responses: Summary of the 2013 Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting. Alcohol, 2015, 49(1), 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.07.018 PMID: 25468277
  104. Schulz, K.H.; Meyer, A.; Langguth, N. Physical activity and mental health. Federal Health Gazette, 2012, 55(1), 55-65. doi: 10.1007/s00103-011-1387-x PMID: 22286249
  105. Fedoce, A.G.; Ferreira, F.; Bota, R.G.; Bonet-Costa, V.; Sun, P.Y.; Davies, K.J.A. The role of oxidative stress in anxiety disorder: Cause or consequence? Free Radic. Res., 2018, 52(7), 737-750. doi: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1475733 PMID: 29742940
  106. Lim, C.L.; Byrne, C.; Lee, J.K.W. Human thermoregulation and measurement of body temperature in exercise and clinical settings. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap., 2008, 37(4), 347-353. doi: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V37N4p347 PMID: 18461221
  107. Brellenthin, A.G.; Crombie, K.M.; Hillard, C.J.; Brown, R.T.; Koltyn, K.F. Psychological and endocannabinoid responses to aerobic exercise in substance use disorder patients. Subst. Abus., 2019, 42(3), 272-283. PMID: 31729933
  108. Dietrich, A.; McDaniel, W.F. Endocannabinoids and exercise. Br. J. Sports Med., 2004, 38(5), 536-541. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.011718 PMID: 15388533
  109. Hegberg, N.J.; Hayes, J.P.; Hayes, S.M. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A narrative review and rationale for implementation. Front. Psychiatry, 2019, 10, 133. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00133 PMID: 30949075
  110. Notaras, M.; van den Buuse, M. Neurobiology of BDNF in fear memory, sensitivity to stress, and stress-related disorders. Mol. Psychiatry, 2020, 25(10), 2251-2274. doi: 10.1038/s41380-019-0639-2 PMID: 31900428
  111. Ströhle, A.; Stoy, M.; Graetz, B.; Scheel, M.; Wittmann, A.; Gallinat, J.; Lang, U.E.; Dimeo, F.; Hellweg, R. Acute exercise ameliorates reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with panic disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2010, 35(3), 364-368. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.013 PMID: 19682803
  112. Van Kummer, B.H.; Cohen, R.W. Exercise-induced neuroprotection in the spastic Han Wistar rat: the possible role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. BioMed Res. Int., 2015, 2015, 1-11. doi: 10.1155/2015/834543 PMID: 25710032
  113. Cunha, C.; Brambilla, R.; Thomas, K.L. A simple role for BDNF in learning and memory? Front. Mol. Neurosci., 2010, 3, 1. doi: 10.3389/neuro.02.001.2010 PMID: 20162032
  114. Keyan, D.; Bryant, R.A. The capacity for acute exercise to modulate emotional memories: A review of findings and mechanisms. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2019, 107, 438-449. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.033 PMID: 31562922
  115. Kobayashi, K.; Shimizu, E.; Hashimoto, K.; Mitsumori, M.; Koike, K.; Okamura, N.; Koizumi, H.; Ohgake, S.; Matsuzawa, D.; Zhang, L.; Nakazato, M.; Iyo, M. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in patients with panic disorder: As a biological predictor of response to group cognitive behavioral therapy. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2005, 29(5), 658-663. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.04.010 PMID: 15905010
  116. Deutsche, G.F.P.; Nervenheilkunde, P.U.; Ärztliches, Z.F.Q.I.D.M. S3-Leitlinie/Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Unipolare Depression- Langfassung, 2. Auflage; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN); Bundesärztekammer (BÄK); Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV); Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF); ,; , 2015.
  117. Precht, L.M.; Margraf, J.; Stirnberg, J.; Brailovskaia, J. It’s all about control: Sense of control mediates the relationship between physical activity and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Curr. Psychol., 2021, 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-02303-4 PMID: 34690477
  118. Bos, A.E.R.; Huijding, J.; Muris, P.; Vogel, L.R.R.; Biesheuvel, J. Global, contingent and implicit self-esteem and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents. Pers. Individ. Dif., 2010, 48(3), 311-316. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.025
  119. Elavsky, S. Longitudinal examination of the exercise and self-esteem model in middle-aged women. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol., 2010, 32(6), 862-880. doi: 10.1123/jsep.32.6.862 PMID: 21282842
  120. Lindheimer, J.B.; O’Connor, P.J.; Dishman, R.K. Quantifying the placebo effect in psychological outcomes of exercise training: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Sports Med., 2015, 45(5), 693-711. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0303-1 PMID: 25762083
  121. Mason, J.E.; Faller, Y.; LeBouthillier, D.M.; Asmundson, G.J. Exercise anxiety: A qualitative analysis of the barriers, facilitators, and psychological processes underlying exercise participation for people with anxiety-related disorders. Ment. Health Phys. Act., 2018, 16, 128-139.
  122. Conley, M.I.; Hindley, I.; Baskin-Sommers, A.; Gee, D.G.; Casey, B.J.; Rosenberg, M.D. The importance of social factors in the association between physical activity and depression in children. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health, 2020, 14(1), 28. doi: 10.1186/s13034-020-00335-5 PMID: 32607126
  123. Miller, W.R.; Rollnick, S. Motivational interviewing: Preparing people to change addictive behavior; Guilford Press: New York, 1991.
  124. Ding, D.; Mutrie, N.; Bauman, A.; Pratt, M.; Hallal, P.R.C.; Powell, K.E. Physical activity guidelines 2020: comprehensive and inclusive recommendations to activate populations. Lancet, 2020, 396(10265), 1780-1782. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32229-7 PMID: 33248019
  125. Rosenbaum, S.; Morell, R.; Abdel-Baki, A.; Ahmadpanah, M.; Anilkumar, T.V.; Baie, L.; Bauman, A.; Bender, S.; Han, J.B.; Brand, S.; Bratland-Sanda, S.; Bueno-Antequera, J.; Deslandes, A.C.; Carneiro, L.; Carraro, A.; Castaneda, C.P.; Monteiro, F.C.; Chapman, J.; Chau, J.; Chen, L-J.; Chvatalova, B.; Chwastiak, L.; Corretti, G.; Dillon, M.; Douglas, C.; Egger, S.; Gaughran, F.; Gerber, M.; Gobbi, E.; Gould, K.; Hatzinger, M.; Holsboer-Tracksler, E.; Hoodbhoy, Z.; Imboden, C.; Indu, P.S.; Iqbal, R.; de Jesus-Moraleida, F.R.; Kondo, S.; Ku, P-W.; Lederman, O.; Lee, E.H.M.; Malchow, B.; Matthews, E.; Mazur, P.; Meneghelli, A.; Mian, A.; Morseth, B.; Munguia-Izquierdo, D.; Nyboe, L.; O’Donoghue, B.; Perram, A.; Richards, J.; Romain, A.J.; Romaniuk, M.; Sadeghi-Bahmani, D.; Sarno, M.; Schuch, F.; Schweinfurth, N.; Stubbs, B.; Uwakwe, R.; van Damme, T.; van der Stouwe, E.; Vancampfort, D.; Vetter, S.; Waterreus, A.; Ward, P.B. Assessing physical activity in people with mental illness: 23-country reliability and validity of the Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire; SIMPAQ, 2019.
  126. Werneck, A.O.; Christofaro, D.G.D.; Ritti-Dias, R.M.; Cucato, G.G.; Stubbs, B.; Oyeyemi, A.L.; Conceição, R.D.O.; Santos, R.D.; Bittencourt, M.S. Does physical activity influence the association between depressive symptoms and low-grade inflammation in adults? A study of 8,048 adults. Physiol. Behav., 2020, 223, 112967. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112967 PMID: 32479805
  127. Kandola, A.; Lewis, G.; Osborn, D.P.J.; Stubbs, B.; Hayes, J.F. Depressive symptoms and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour throughout adolescence: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry, 2020, 7(3), 262-271. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30034-1 PMID: 32059797
  128. Chekroud, A.M.; Trugerman, A. The opportunity for exercise to improve population mental health. JAMA Psychiatry, 2019, 76(11), 1206-1207. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2282 PMID: 31483446
  129. Vancampfort, D.; Rosenbaum, S.; Probst, M.; Connaughton, J.; du Plessis, C.; Yamamoto, T.; Stubbs, B. What are the top 10 physical activity research questions in schizophrenia? Disabil. Rehabil., 2016, 38(22), 2235-2243. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1116622 PMID: 26728764
  130. Swardfager, W.; Yang, P.; Herrmann, N.; Lanctôt, K.L.; Shah, B.R.; Kiss, A.; Oh, P.I. Depressive symptoms predict non-completion of a structured exercise intervention for people with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet. Med., 2016, 33(4), 529-536. doi: 10.1111/dme.12872 PMID: 26220364
  131. Monteiro, F.C.; Schuch, F.B.; Deslandes, A.C.; Vancampfort, D.; Mosqueiro, B.P.; Messinger, M.F.; Caldieraro, M.A.; Fleck, M.P.A. Perceived barriers, benefits and correlates of physical activity in outpatients with Major Depressive Disorder: A study from Brazil. Psychiatry Res., 2020, 284, 112751. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112751 PMID: 31918115
  132. Petzold, M.B.; Ernst, F.; Spitzer, U.; Gabrysch, J.; Schweinfurth, N.; Satorius, N.; Ströhle, A.; Betzler, F. Medical role models regarding physical activity for patients with mental illness. Psychotherapeut, 2020, 65(3), 167-175. doi: 10.1007/s00278-020-00421-1
  133. Schmitt, A.; Maurus, I.; Rossner, M.J.; Röh, A.; Lembeck, M.; von Wilmsdorff, M.; Takahashi, S.; Rauchmann, B.; Keeser, D.; Hasan, A.; Malchow, B.; Falkai, P. Effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome, cardiorespiratory fitness, and symptoms in schizophrenia include decreased mortality. Front. Psychiatry, 2018, 9, 690. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00690 PMID: 30622486
  134. Petzold, M.B.; Frank, G.; Bendau, A.; Plag, J.; Betzler, F.; Ströhle, A. The German version of the exercise in mental illness questionnaire (EMIQ-G): Translation and testing of psychometric properties. Ment. Health Phys. Act., 2020, 19, 100353. doi: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100353
  135. Furley, P.; Goldschmied, N. Systematic vs. narrative reviews in sport and exercise psychology: Is either approach superior to the other? Front. Psychol., 2021, 12, 685082. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685082 PMID: 34305741
  136. Greenhalgh, T.; Thorne, S.; Malterud, K. Time to challenge the spurious hierarchy of systematic over narrative reviews? Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 2018, 48(6), e12931. doi: 10.1111/eci.12931 PMID: 29578574
  137. Kvam, S.; Kleppe, C.L.; Nordhus, I.H.; Hovland, A. Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord., 2016, 202, 67-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.063 PMID: 27253219
  138. Miller, K.J.; Gonçalves-Bradley, D.C.; Areerob, P.; Hennessy, D.; Mesagno, C.; Grace, F. Comparative effectiveness of three exercise types to treat clinical depression in older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ageing Res. Rev., 2020, 58, 100999. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100999 PMID: 31837462
  139. Gordon, B.R.; McDowell, C.P.; Lyons, M.; Herring, M.P. The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Med., 2017, 47(12), 2521-2532. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0769-0 PMID: 28819746
  140. Herring, M.P.; Jacob, M.L.; Suveg, C.; Dishman, R.K.; O’Connor, P.J. Feasibility of exercise training for the short-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Psychother. Psychosom., 2012, 81(1), 21-28. doi: 10.1159/000327898 PMID: 22116310
  141. Gordon, B.R.; McDowell, C.P.; Lyons, M.; Herring, M.P. Resistance exercise training among young adults with analogue generalized anxiety disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 2021, 281, 153-159. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.020 PMID: 33321380
  142. Zika, M.A.; Becker, L. Physical activity as a treatment for social anxiety in clinical and non-clinical populations: A systematic review and three meta-analyses for different study designs. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 2021, 15, 653108. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.653108 PMID: 34177489

Arquivos suplementares

Arquivos suplementares
Ação
1. JATS XML

Declaração de direitos autorais © Bentham Science Publishers, 2024