Diversity and structure of fungal and heterotrophic bacterial communities in surface bottom sediments of the Kara Sea

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Abstract

The study of fungal and prokaryotic communities in the unique ecosystems of the Arctic seas is very important for understanding global biogeochemical cycles and developing approaches to bioremediation of these ecosystems. Using high-throughput sequencing of the variable regions ITS1/ITS2 (in the fungal genome) and V3–V4 of the 16S rRNA gene (in the bacterial genome), the species composition and taxonomic structure of fungal and heterotrophic bacterial communities in the surface bottom sediments of the Kara Sea from depths of 16 to 417 m were studied. The fungal biome was dominated by operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the Ascomycota (more than 50% of ITS reads in each of the 12 samples), followed by the Basidiomycota division (10–20%). This mark for Сhytridiomycota did not exceed 2% of ITS reads. No significant differences in the mycobiome structure of the Kara Sea bottom sediments were found depending on the sampling depth. OTUs of the Sordariomycetes and Eurotiomycetes (Aspergillaceae) prevailed. Basidiomycetes are represented mainly by yeast organisms of the Filobasidiaceae, Malasseziaceae, Sporidiobolaceae, and Tremellaceae. According to fluorescence microscopy, the total number of fungal propagules was in the range of 207–546 thousand spores and mycelial fragments per 1 g of bottom sediment, and their minimum values were recorded at greater depths. All the studied stations were found to contain numerous aerobic heterotrophic bacteria belonging to various families, orders, and classes of the phyla Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Bacteroidota, Verrucomicrobiota, Gemmatimonadota, Myxococcota, and Acidobacteriota. An interesting fact is the discovery of nucleotide sequences characteristic of strict anaerobes in these upper oxidized bottom sediments of the Kara Sea: sulfate-reducing bacteria from the phylum Thermodesulfobacteriota and chemoheterotrophic bacteria from the Anaerolineae (phylum Chloroflexota). The data obtained significantly expand our knowledge of the diversity of fungi and bacteria, key heterotrophic organisms – destructors of organic matter in the bottom sediments of the Arctic seas.

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About the authors

D. Yu. Vlasov

St. Petersburg State University; Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: d.vlasov@spbu.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg

A. L. Bryukhanov

Lomonosov Moscow State University; Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: brjuchanov@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

I. Yu. Kirtsideli

Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: microfungi@mail.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

A. V. Kurakov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: kurakov57@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

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Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
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2. Fig. 1. The structure of the mycobiome of bottom sediments of the Kara Sea at different taxonomic levels: a – divisions, b – classes, c – families, d – genera. The percentage of all ITS1/ITS2 reads is indicated on the ordinate axis.

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3. Fig. 2. Morphological structures of micromycetes in the bottom soils of the Kara Sea: 1, 8 – clusters of spores; 2–7, 9–10 – spores; 11–14 – mycelium. Scale – 10 µm.

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4. Fig. 3. Relative representation of microorganisms (at the class and phylum level) from surface bottom sediments at six key sampling stations in the Kara Sea in the obtained genomic libraries of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene.

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5. Fig. 4. Distribution of heterotrophic bacteria (at the family level) in surface bottom sediments of the Kara Sea based on the results of high-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene.

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