Vol 97, No 8 (2018)

Nowadays, the aging of the population is one of the most important social problems, which in many ways changes the economic, industrial and social relations of the modern world. There are five groups of risk factors for aging: the genetic factor, the way of life, work, the environment, the level of medicine. In different countries, in different cities of the same country, the distribution of the share of influence of aging risk factors on the human body is different. Depending on which of the five groups of risk factors are assumed to be a priority in the region under study, this aspect should be addressed by the organizational, medical, financial and preventive activities of the necessary structures of the region. In this paper, an attempt was made to identify the priority group of aging factors of the human body, characteristic of the Voronezh region. In doing so, we carry out a comparative analysis of the priority group of aging factors in the human body, with a distinction between urban and rural populations. The conducted research is especially important for the Voronezh region since it is one of the ten most unfavorable subjects of Russia in terms of demographic aging. So in Voronezh in 2016 the proportion of elderly people (60 years and older) accounts for 17%. In our work, the degree of aging of the population was determined using the method of determining the biological age developed by Voitenko V.P. The essence of the work was to determine the degree of aging of each participant in the study using the Voitenko V.P. method, taking into account his level of health, lifestyle, financial support. All respondents were divided into two groups. The first group includes elderly people who live in the city; the second group was the rural population. In conclusion of the work, a comparative analysis of the two groups was made in terms of the degree of aging of the population, highlighting the priority risk factor characteristic of the Voronezh region.

In modern conditions, there are unacceptable risks of harm from exposure to hazardous chemical and biological factors for public health and the environment. The complexity and scale of environmental and hygiene problems that directly or indirectly affect the state of the nation’s health require active action on priority strategically important areas. One, of which is the waste management system, which can cope with the growing volumes and species diversity of waste. The components of the public health risk caused by the formation, accumulation, recycling, and disposal of wastes are the factors of the negative complex impact on the environment during inter-environment migration of pollutants. Solid municipal waste landfills are sources of long-term negative environmental impact due to the receipt of a highly toxic filtrate and biogas containing greenhouse gases and toxic substances. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of chemicals entering the atmospheric air from polygons with an assessment of the health risks. Studies have been conducted for a landfill located near and serving the largest urbanized area in the region. The methodology of risk assessment in accordance with R.2.1.10.1920-04 “Guidelines for the assessment of risk to public health in the impact of chemicals polluting the environment” has been applied. In the course of the study, a list of chemicals entering the atmospheric air during the life cycle and production activities of the landfill was determined based on the evaluation and analytical method. The risk assessment methodology applied in the waste management system allowed calculating of individual carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, as well as hazard indices when exposed to critical organs and systems and to develop further tactics for conducting monitoring in the areas in the zone affected by the test site.

Introduction. Numerous studies in the field of electromagnetobiology, both theoretical and experimental-practical, show pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMF) to be the most biologically active, out of all the variety of electromagnetic influences. They have the ability to realize their effects indirectly through the critical systems of the body, manifesting themselves on the subcellular and cellular levels, leading to changes in homeostasis, and as a consequence to the disruption of complex regulatory and coordination relationships carried out in the whole organism. At the same time, the similar electromagnetic influences, depending on the initial functional state of the organism, can cause adaptive changes, or act as a stimulus for pronounced stress, as a result of which adaptive-adaptive reactions fail to adapt.

Material and methods. In the experiment performed on laboratory male rats, starting from the age of 4 months, there was considered the dynamics of the deviations from the homeostasis condition of the control animals after 5, 7 and 10 months of the exposure to pulses of electromagnetic fields, characterized by the following parameters: density of induced currents of 0.37; 0.7; 0.8; 2.7 kA/m²; frequency of pulses per week, regardless of their fractionality of 50, 100 and 500; duration 15 ÷ 40 nsec

Results. Performed adaptometric analysis of the chronodynamics of morphofunctional correlations between the structural elements of the jejunum mucous membrane made it possible to establish a correlation between the cellular populations of the epithelial-connective tissue complex of the intestinal system of the organism, speaking of it as a single system that takes part not only in the regulation of tissue homeostasis but also reflects the real manifestations of individual variability of reactive, dystrophic and adaptive processes depending on the influencing parameters of the electromagnetic factor, the radiation sources, the intensity and duration of the exposure, revealing the various consequences for the irradiated biological object with their compatibility.

Conclusion. In the course of processing the results of the experiment, there were also established “amplitude-frequency windows”, previously registered under similar conditions for the effects of EMF parameters and for other highly sensitive body systems, such as nervous and endocrine, manifested by the absence of shifts in relation to the control indices and indicating possible manifestations tolerance and/or adaptation of the studied indices to individual parameters and EMF.

There were performed studies of the interaction of collagen of freshwater fish with water to determine the prospects for its use as an absorbent layer of personal care products, a method for treating freshwater fish skins for obtaining a material with an increased water-absorbing capacity has been developed; thermal stability, allergenic properties of this material have been studied; toxicity tests have been carried out. Methods of thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, spectroscopy in the visible and ultraviolet region of the spectrum of light waves were used. Allergenicity was determined by the method of cutaneous applications, toxicity — according to State Standards. The most part of moisture was shown to be bound by adsorption or osmotic pathways, only 7% of moisture bound by the samples is retained in the capillaries. The sufficiently high binding energies of about 4 J/mol suggest the ability of the functional groups of fish collagen to create a powerful hydrated membrane. For the loosening of the material, sequential treatment of fish skin in weak solutions of alkalis and organic acids is suggested, after which the swelling capacity reflecting the moisture capacity of the material rises by almost 10 times and amounts to 30 g per 1 g of dry matter. The aggregation of polydisperse systems of processed collagen in the temperature range of 38°-46°, which can lead to a decrease in moisture capacity with an increase in temperature to these values, is found. The obtained material has no allergic neither toxic effects. As a result of the studies, it was shown that collagen of freshwater fish, modified by treatment in alkali and organic acid solutions, can be used as a material for the absorbent layer of personal care products under the condition of sparing temperature regimes during their manufacture.

Introduction. Laboratory practice is characterized by an increased hardness of the work process. In the research presented, a complex comparative assessment of the working conditions and functional condition of the employees of the laboratory center “Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Voronezh Region” was carried out, in which a laboratory information system (LIS) is planned to be introduced into the practice. The assessment of the conditions of the labor process and the functional state of the employees was also carried out in the testing laboratory of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Tambov Region, where the LIS software operates in the regular mode.

Material and methods. The study was conducted on 170 specialists of testing laboratory centers. There are given data on the assessment of the hardness and intensity of the labor process of laboratories of different types of activity at workplaces of testing laboratory centers in the Voronezh and Tambov regions. There was performed a clinical examination of specialists of testing laboratory centers on the indications of the cardiovascular system: dynamics of the heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, minute blood volume during the working day.

Results. Based on a comparative analysis of the results obtained, conclusions were drawn about the peculiarities of working conditions and performance indices of employees of testing laboratory centers in the dynamics of the working week. Differences in the formation of fatigue in the specialists of laboratories for hygienic and epidemiological profiles of activity among employees of a testing laboratory center, working without an information system introduced into the professional activity, have been observed in the second half of the working day, whereas those working with a laboratory information system the state of the body is correct from the physiological positions.

Discussion. The class of labor conditions for specialists in testing laboratory centers, regardless of the profile of activity according to the severity of the work process, was identified as hard work of grade 1 (3.1), the class of working conditions for the intensity of the labor process as a hard work of grade 2 (3.2). Evaluation of the functional state of the body according to the cardiovascular system testifies to a noticeable fatigue in the second half of the working day among specialists working without software and information support.

Conclusions. The data obtained as a result of the research made it possible to develop and offer a complex of preventive measures aimed at optimizing working conditions for the introduction into the professional work of personnel of testing laboratory centers. As a result, additions were made to the Instruction on labor protection of specialists of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Voronezh Region.

At aircraft manufacturing enterprises, tens of thousands of employees work, whose labor conditions in most cases do not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Material and methods. The work assesses the risk factors of the production environment of aircraft assemblers using instrumental research methods, there was performed a physiological assessment of severity and exhaustion levels to determine the main areas of prevention.

Results. The noise and vibration were determined as prioritized harmful impact (physical) factor for workers. Vibration is perceived by all tissues of the body, but mostly by the nervous and bone system. The bone system that serves as a good conductor and resonator of vibration. The nerve endings and, above all, the receptors of the skin of the distal parts of the hands are the most sensitive to the effects of vibration. The vestibular apparatus actively reacts to vibrational stimulation. In addition, vibrations of high frequencies can have an effect on the hearing aid that is close to the effect of noise.

Discussion. The results of studies indicate a high risk of the formation of occupational pathology as a result of the complex impact of physical factors and the severity of the work process.

Conclusion. Studies have shown the need to introduce rational work regimes and a system of treatment and prevention activities.

Introduction. The identity of the microflora of foci of acute odontogenic infection and dentin of carious cavities determines the urgency of the problem of cross infection in dentistry. One of the components of this problem is the bacterial contamination of the zone of dental treatment. In the course of the study, there was established the sufficiently low level of bacterial contamination that at the beginning of the working day.

Material and methods. The material of the study was the results of 27 samples of the air microflora of the dental unit, 273 items of washing from the dental tips and from the surfaces of the therapeutic and non-healing working zones. Air studies were conducted for general bacterial contamination (CFU-colony forming units) or a total microbial number (TMN) with the determination of sanitary-indicative microorganisms (St. Aureus). Aspiration and sedimentation methods were used. Investigation of microbial contamination of surfaces was carried out by the method of washings, with the determination of TMN and sanitary-indicative microorganisms (pathogenic coccal flora, bacteria of the Escherichia coli group, Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

Results. The value of the total microbial number is minimal in the study group and is not significantly higher in the control group. In the middle of the working day, the microbial number increases significantly in both groups, but the process in the control group is more pronounced. By the end of the working day, the difference in the increase in the TMN value in the control group and in the study group was statistically significant. This trend is also determined with regard to dental instruments, in particular, dental handpieces. Bacterial contamination of the surfaces of dental tips is significantly increased from the beginning to the end of the working day, and the degree of increase in the TMN value directly depends on the material of manufacture and the method of sterilization.

Discussion. The results of the research showed the introduction of new sanitary and hygienic standards for the maintenance of dental handpieces to be a necessary measure for protecting the health of both the patient and the medical worker. When old standards of dental products are used during the shift, bacterial contamination of medical equipment, the water of the tip cooling system and the surface of the doctor’s working area are increased. However, in terms of quantitative indices, the bacterial contamination of the investigated objects when using W&H tips, was lower than for similar domestic products.

Conclusions. The introduction of new, more strictly regulated sanitary and hygienic standards for the maintenance of dental handpieces is scientifically justified, as well as a necessary measure for protecting the health of both the patient and the medical worker. The vapor autoclave of group B LISA showed high efficiency in the sterilization process of all types of tips.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status and main trends of the prevalence of diseases of the eye and its appendages in medical university students with the detection of priority risk factors of the educational environment.

Materials and methods. The method of investigation included several stages. The general population was analyzed (official statistical data of the ophthalmologic service of the Voronezh Region Health Department (statistical forms No. 12, 14, 14 SD, 30)), and selective studies were conducted (based on the copying and analysis of data from outpatient charts and case histories). A total of 1500 study cards were filled out, the total number of visits amounted to 3200. In the second stage of the study, a sociological survey was conducted on a specially developed questionnaire consisting of 46 questions grouped into 5 blocks. In total, 1950 respondents were surveyed. Statistical processing is performed on the basis of statistical analysis software package and the Chart Wizard in Microsoft Excel 2010, as well as the STATISTICA 6.0 application package.

Results. Our studies have made it possible to refine and supplement the current data on the prevalence of diseases of the eye and its appendages among students in the Voronezh region, which can be used as a basis for planning activities to improve specialized ophthalmic care for this population category. Eye diseases were shown to be a fairly common pathology among students, and those who study at the medical school have their own characteristics that require serious measures to improve the system of epidemiological surveillance of this pathology. The surveillance system should include monitoring the impact of various risk factors and timely elimination of adverse events. To this end, in educational institutions, it is important to observe ergonomic requirements for the organization of workplaces, to observe the time of providing breaks for rest during the school day, to establish their duration and arrange for these breaks taking into account the training course, load volume and hygienic characteristics of the classrooms, where classes are held. It should not be forgotten that the leading role in the prevention of the negative impact of non-favorable factors is assigned to the very contingent of students who must be able to take individual preventive measures and observe personal hygiene rules. In this regard, the educational organizations need to repeatedly increase the amount of work on hygiene education and the education of young people.

Introduction. The shell of chicken eggs has long been used as a natural source of calcium in various food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries. There is a perspective to obtain soluble forms of calcium from the eggshell in the form of ascorbates, citrates, lactates, used in food technology as food additives that are obtained chemically. To date, the volume of eggshell produced in Russia is about 215 thousand tons per year, but the solubility of calcium from the shell is low, which does not allow the widespread use of this by-product of domestic production. One of the ways to increase the solubility of calcium can be considered the application of the process of mechanoactivation of the shell. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the disintegration-wave action on the solubility of calcium shell eggs in organic acids in order to obtain soluble forms of ascorbates, lactates, and citrates.

Methods. The prepared shell of chicken eggs was milled on a disintegrator of the FED “Cedar 3601” grade and placed in solutions of organic acids until the calcium concentration values, determined by atomic-emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (AES-ISP) using an Optima 2000 atomic emission spectrometer DV (Perkin Elmer) became constant.

Results. The existing data on the effect of mechanoactivation on the process of increasing the solubility of substances are analyzed. The effect of the disintegration-wave action on the solubility of the eggshell in organic acids is studied.

Discussion. The disintegration-wave action was found to have a significant effect on the solubility of the eggshell eggs in citric lemon, ascorbic and lactic acids. The greatest effect of mechanoactivation was established to be achieved with a two- or three-fold disintegration-wave action. The maximum solubility was observed at pH = 2.0-3.0. The maximum solubility was observed when dissolved in ascorbic acid at 90 °C, and in lactic and citric acids — at 60 °C.

Conclusion. Soluble forms of calcium obtained in the form of ascorbates, citrates, lactates, can be used in food technology as food additives. The application of the method of disintegration-wave action on the eggshell was established to increase the solubility of calcium in it. There are determined optimal settings, at which the maximum achievable values of calcium concentrations in systems are reached.

In the course of the experimental part, physicochemical methods of analysis were used to assess the qualitative and quantitative composition of the hydrolyzed form of collagen, as well as a polarographic method for determining the sorption characteristics of the hydrolyzed form of collagen in physiological conditions. In determining alimentary correction properties of products enriched with iodinated collagen hydrolyzate there were carried out experiments on warm-blooded animals under conditions of experimental hypothyroidism.

Results and discussion. In the course of the research, conditions similar to the internal environment of the human gastrointestinal tract were simulated according to the following parameters: pH, the concentration of digestive enzymes, internal temperature. The sorption of cations in an acidic medium was found to amount to for lead — 0.213, cadmium — 0.204, in an alkaline medium: lead — 0.246, cadmium — 0.224. Data describing the detoxifying effect of collagen hydrolysate in relation to ions of heavy metals in conditions simulating the physiological have shown that the ability to adsorb heavy metals is comparable with plant-characteristic of dietary fibers (cellulose). The possibility of obtaining collagen hydrolysate–iodine complexes resistant to the action of technological factors are studied. The conditions of iodization of the obtained hydrolyzed form of collagen and the loss of iodine in heat treatment were determined. The results of the evaluation of alimentary-corrective properties of collagen-iodine hydrolysate complex used as a prescription component of meat in semi-finished products showed the possibility of elimination of iodine-deficient states in experiments on warm-blooded animals.

Conclusion. The sorption effect of the hydrolyzed form of collagen of animal origin against heavy metal cations is proved and a hypothetical model of sorption is proposed. The resulting product of hydrolysis of collagen can be used as a component of food systems, with the binding and excretion of heavy metal ions, as well as an immobilization matrix for the delivery of biologically active substances, such as iodine.

В 2018 году Воронежскому медицинскому университету им. Н.Н. Бурденко, являющемуся правопреемником медицинского факультета Воронежского государственного университета, исполняется 100 лет.