Vol 102, No 10 (2023)

The establishment of the educational cluster “Healthy Eating” in the Russian Federation is based on the Federal State Budgetary Institution’s “Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology” and intended to save the health of children and adults, as it serves as a model for the children’s and adults’ population. The development of different programs for both specialists and the population has been done through various means. It is suggested to concentrate attention on two main areas of activity: educational and outreach. Learning activity in the form of a cluster is shown to create the conditions for the development of an all-Russian system of education in the field of healthy nutrition for the Russian Federation’s population.

Aim. Development and implementation of a system of federal and regional educational programs for specialists and various groups of the population of the Russian Federation.

The population of the Russian Federation has an insufficient level of knowledge about healthy nutrition, so about 50% have practically no idea about its rules, 60% of the population do not follow the diet. In connection with the urgency of the problem, an educational cluster was formed on the basis of the Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology. The resources and qualifications of the cluster members, which combined the scientific potential of the Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology and the educational opportunities of specialized departments of the country’s leading universities, make it possible to effectively solve the problems that the education system of specialists and the population faces in the field of healthy nutrition. Additional education programs have been developed – advanced training courses, differentiated programs are being created for specialists: nutritionists, doctors, faculty of medical universities, teachers and trainers of sports schools, fitness trainers, food industry workers, graduate students and residents, as well as educational and educational programs for various population groups.

Taking into account the high efficiency of outreach work, as well as its relatively low cost, in addition to the educational block, an information and educational block has been allocated separately, including with the involvement of public opinion leaders and the media.

Thus, the establishment of a systematic approach to the education of specialists and the public in the field of healthy nutrition, through management, scientific, methodological, and educational support within the educational cluster, leads to the creation of an all-Russian system of education in healthy nutrition for the Russian population.

Conclusion. Successful implementation of federal and regional programs of the educational cluster “Healthy Nutrition” is a necessary condition for improving the quality of life and health of the population.

Contribution:
Nikityuk D.B. — design of research, editing;
Tarmaeva I.Yu. — collection and processing of research results, writing of article;
Tutelyan V.A. — concept and design of research.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 14, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: November 20, 2023

Introduction. The problem of using highly toxic components of rocket fuel remains one of the main issues in ensuring the hygienic safety of the territory affected by rocket and space activities.

Materials and methods. A hygienic assessment of environmental objects was carried out; structural and dynamic analysis of medical and demographic indicators, and morbidity in the population of the city of Tsiolkovsky.

Results. The sources of emissions into the atmospheric air during the operation phase of the cosmodrome are the launch complex of the launch vehicle, the technical complex and the complex for the production and storage of rocket fuel components. Regular operation of the Cosmodrome Vostochny is not accompanied by the release of asymmetric dimethylhydrazine and its transformation products into the environment. Classifying facilities for the preparation and execution of space flights as objects of extremely high risk is associated with a potential risk to the health in the city’s population, which may arise from combined multi-environment exposure to chemicals of hazard classes 1 and 2, including rocket fuel components.

The prevalence in the age structure of the population of the city of Tsiolkovsky younger than working age indicates a progressive structure of the population, both due to reproduction and the influx of labour. Primary and general morbidity in children and adolescents is characterized by higher levels compared to the morbidity in adults.

Limitations. A number of uncertainties associated with incomplete information about all possible contaminants of environmental objects, as well as a low level of sensitivity of the analytical methods used compared to reference concentrations, which can lead to an overestimation of possible exposure.

Conclusion. In the context of the further development of space infrastructure and the creation of new rocket systems at the Cosmodrome Vostochny, ensuring safe living conditions for the city’s population implies the continuation and improvement of work to monitor the state of the environment, potential sources of its anthropogenic pollution, as well as assessing and predicting the health of the population.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission of the opinion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Polyakov A.D., Kombarova M.Y., Radilov A.S., Alikbaeva L.A., Iakubova I.Sh., Suvorova A.V., Khurtsilava O.G. — study concept and design, editing; responsibility for the integrity of all parts;
Polyakov A.D. — material collection and data processing, text writing, review of publications on the topic of the article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study was conducted within the framework of the Federal Target Program “Development of cosmodromes for the period 2017-2025 in support of space activities of the Russian Federation”.

Received: July 17, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: November 20, 2023

Introduction. One of the most important tasks for ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Vladimir region remains the provision of high-quality drinking water. Due to the fact that most of the population of the region consumes water from underground sources, which is characterized by an increased iron content, a hygienic assessment of the water of household drinking sources was carried out according to the content of this element.

Materials and methods. The paper presents the data of own research of the Department of Biology and Ecology of the Vladimir State University for 2022. During this period, the authors of the work investigated about one hundred nine samples of water from the household and drinking centralized and non-centralized water supply of the Vladimir region. Water samples were taken in the largest settlements (these are district centers, a regional city and large district settlements) and from drinking water sources of individual farms located in the territory of the region in various districts. The iron content in water was determined on a Hach Lange DR 6000 spectrophotometer using LCK521 and LCK320 cuvette tests.

Results. Drinking water of the centralized water supply of the Vladimir region in terms of iron content in most administrative centers has been established to meet regulatory requirements and be safe for this indicator for the health of the resident population. Most of the water samples taken from non-centralized water supply sources have significant exceedances of regulatory values. The average excess of MPC in the region is 6.5 times, which is primarily due to the specifics of geochemical the composition of the water-bearing rocks of these territories.

Limitations of the study are related to the number of analyzed water samples, which reduces the possibility of interpolation of the obtained data over the entire territory of the region.

Conclusion. To provide the population with high-quality drinking water, local governments that do not have sufficient funds to purchase de-ironing treatment plants need to initiate a procedure for applying for subsidies under existing state programs for the implementation of measures for the construction, reconstruction, and modernization of water supply systems. Residents of the region are recommended to use household filters to purify water from those components-pollutants that are characteristic of the groundwater of these territories.

Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Trifonova T.A. — the concept and design of the study, the final design;
Selivanov O.G. — collecting material and data processing, writing text;
Martsev A.A. — material collection and data processing, statistical processing, text writing;
Kurbatov Yu.N. — laboratory research.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 17, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: November 20, 2023

Introduction. The combination of extreme climate with intensive migration processes creates favourable conditions for the spread of infectious diseases in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the study: comparative analysis of immunity indicators in saliva samples of indigenous and alien residents of Yakutia Arctic zone, taking into account the influence of seasonal factors.

Materials and methods. Samples of mixed saliva of indigenous (n=212) and alien (n=120) male residents from Chokurdakh and Tiksi settlements were taken in 4 batches corresponding to the seasonal transition from summer to early winter. Levels of secretory IgA (sIgA) and cytokines IL-1ß, IL-8 and IL-6 in saliva were determined by ELISA. Main Effects ANOVA was used for the data analysis.

Results. No significant age-related changes of the indicators were found. During the transition from summer to winter, there was a decrease in sIgA, IL-1ß, and IL-8 levels in saliva of the examined persons (p from 0.001 to 1.6×10^–7). Rate of seasonal changes did not differ between indigenous and alien inhabitants. IL-6 level in saliva of Chokurdakh residents (200 km from the sea) was higher (F(1,139)=9,202; p=0.003) and sIgA level was lower (F(1,324)=3,560; p=0.060) than corresponding levels in residents of coastal settlement Tiksi. Comparison of the body mass indices (medians 24.3 in Chokurdakh and 26.2 in Tiksi, p=0.0005) confirms that it may be the result of inequality in physical activity of residents due to almost 2-fold increase in wind speed and precipitation in Tiksi.

Limitations. Monitoring period till the beginning of winter, and not later, could predetermine the absence of the expected differences between indigenous (evolutionarily adapted) and alien residents.

Conclusion. Evaluation of immunity indicators in saliva samples is a simple and informative approach to study mechanisms of human adaptation to extreme climatic conditions.

Compliance with ethical standards: management of depersonalized population survey and the forms of informed consent for biosampling were agreed with the Local Ethics Committee), Protocol No. 31 of 23/06/2021.

Contributions:
Khripach L.V. — research concept and design, enzyme immunoassay (IL-1β), statistical analysis, writing text;
Zagainova A.V. — research concept and design, organization of biosample bank;
Knyazeva T.D. — enzyme immunoassay (IL-6, IL-8);
Makovetskaya A.K. — enzyme immunoassay (sIgA).
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: June 30, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: November 20, 2023

Introduction. Harmful inhalation effects in the workplace, most of which are preventable, determine more than 10% of chronic non-infectious bronchopulmonary pathology over the world at the population level. In this regard, updated information on inhalation risk factors in various sectors of the economy and the prevalence of diseases associated with them is important for the scientific justification of targeted programs for the prevention of occupational respiratory diseases.

Materials and methods. On the basis of the competent statistical materials of the Rospotrebnadzor Department for the Saratov region, a retrospective analysis of the prevalence of occupational non-communicable respiratory diseases (ONRD) and factor inhalation effects in various industries and agriculture of the region was carried out using generally accepted methods.

Results. For the period from 2009 to 2019 in the territory of the Saratov region one hundred sixty seven industrial workers (58 people), and agriculture (109 people) were established to be diagnosed with 189 ONRD. Despite a fivefold reduction in cases of detection of ONRD over the past decade, non-communicable respiratory diseases occupied the second rank in the structure of accumulated occupational morbidity (25.1%). The range of the contribution of ONRD to the total pool of occupational diseases for different years of observation was from 13.9 to 37.5% in the industrial sector, from 13.3 to 33.3% in agriculture. The largest number of ONRD cases were registered in plant-growing workers (51.9%), manufacturing industries (23.3%), and livestock (10.1%); the smallest number in those engaged in mining (2.6%). The first ranks in the structure of the accumulated ONRD were occupied by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (33.9%), chronic dust-free non-obstructive bronchitis (31.2%), and occupational bronchial asthma (23.3%), associated with air pollution of the working environment with silicon-containing, organic dust and sensitizing agents, the genesis of which was determined by the specifics of working conditions.

Limitation. The gender factor was not taken into account when analyzing the prevalence of ONRD and its nosological structure.

Conclusion. The data obtained can be used in the development of comprehensive medical and hygienic programs to improve occupational conditions and preserve the longevity of industrial and agricultural workers.

Contribution:
Mikerov A.N. — research design, editing;
Bezrukova G.A. — research concept and design, material collection, statistical processing, text writing;
Novikova T.A. — material collection and text writing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 21, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: November 20, 2023

Introduction. Assessment of work intensity (WI) is challenged by several methodical complications. It may involve certain underestimation of an actual hazard category of working conditions and fails to consider work modification.

Materials and methods. The study relies on using analytical, sociological, and statistical methods. To test the selected approach, a sample was created from workers with mostly mental work (n=137, 77% females). Their average age was 43.9±8.0 years; average work experience was 14.5±3.7 years.

Results. In this article, we suggest certain approaches to assessing WI. They include self-assessment of a factor using a specifically designed questionnaire; they clarify indicators that describe WI; when assessing working conditions, they rely on matrices of interrelated indicators. This procedure makes it possible to estimate levels of individual components and create an integral WI profile as well as identify contributions made by various intensity types to its overall structure. When testing the procedure, we established workers with mostly mental work to tend to have harmful working conditions as per WI factor (the hazard category 3.1 in 24.8% of the cases; 3.2, 56.9% of the cases; and the hazard category 3.3 in 17.5% of the cases). Mental (28.6±6.1%) and sensory (24.0±7.0%) loads are limiting components. Amid implementation of anti-epidemic activities, work regime was established as the most sensitive WI component (its contribution grew from 11.1±6.0 to 16.0±5.7%, p<0.05). Working conditions moved to a higher hazard category for 35.8% workers.

Limitations. Assessment of working conditions uses threshold values introduced more than 30 years ago and can be adjusted for the existing employment conditions. The testing was accomplished on a rather small sample, which was biased as per gender and included workers with different occupations and positions.

Conclusion. The suggested approaches offer wider opportunities to assess working conditions as per WI with respect to some occupations. This may substantiate a list of indicators that should be regulated by the existing sanitary legislation. Investigation of possible modification of factors during the pandemic makes it possible to describe eligibility of anti-epidemic activities without any deterioration of working conditions.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Rospotrebnadzor’s Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies.

Contribution:
Shur P.Z., Alekseev V.B. — the study concept, text editing, approval of the ultimate version of the article;
Lir D.N. — the study concept and design, data collection and interpretation, writing the text and the abstract, responsibility for the integrity of all the parts of the article;
Barg А.О. — development of the questionnaire;
Vindokurov I.V., Khrushcheva Е.V. — data processing and analysis.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 30, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: November 20, 2023

Introduction. Growing prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and significant socioeconomic losses related to implementing medical and prevention activities indicate the necessity to examine what role exogenous factors play in the disease onset and development. The aim of this study was to establish pathogenetic peculiarities of AR onset and development in schoolchildren under combined exposure to various environmental risk factors.

Materials and methods. We analyzed results of clinical and laboratory examinations of schoolchildren’s health and data obtained by questioning and taken from diaries of daily rations provided at school for four hundred thirty nine AR children. They attended either an ordinary secondary school or a school with profound studies of some subjects. Influence of risk factors on clinical and laboratory indicators was evaluated by using one-factor logistic regression models that described “adverse exposure – likelihood of a response (effect)” relationships. Leading risk factors and pathogenetic peculiarities of AR onset and development were identified based on analyzing established cause-effect relations “risk factor – laboratory indicator – likelihood of diagnosing AR».

Results. More significant violations of hygienic standards were established in schools with profound studies of some subjects; we identified improper management of educational activities, non-rational diets, and too intensive use of electronic devices. Likelihood of AR is 4.2 times higher for schoolchildren in such schools than for their counterparts from ordinary schools (OR=4.2) under combined exposure to adverse factors related to the educational process, diets, the environment (blood contamination with nickel, chromium, manganese, zinc, benzene, and toluene) and low physical activity. We established cause-effect relations between the disease development and the examined factors as well as their contributions to likelihood of risk-associated AR (12–60 %). We identified adverse laboratory effects in AR children who attended schools with profound studies of some subjects and established their association with affecting environmental factors. Pathogenetic peculiarities of the disease onset and development were posited based on modelling associations between laboratory indicators of disrupted homeostasis and AR development.

Limitations. The examination was performed with 439 schoolchildren participating in it. Participants were not divided into sex-specific groups when describing peculiarities of allergic rhinitis development.

Conclusion. The established key pathogenetic components in development of risk-associated AR are relevant targets for hygienic activities as regards the educational process and quality of the environment.

Compliance with ethical standards. Written informed voluntary consent was obtained from legal representatives of all the examined children prior to the study in accordance with the ethical principles of biomedical research stated in the Declaration of Helsinki (with 2008 addenda), and the national Standard of the RF GOST-Р 52379-2005 Good Clinical Practice (ICH E6 GCP). The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies. (Meeting report No. 3 dated March 01, 2019).

Contributions:
Zaitseva N.V. — study concept and design;
Valina S.L. — clinical and laboratory tests, statistical analysis, writing the text;
Ustinova О.Yu. — writing and editing the text;
Shtina I.Е. — data collection and statistical analysis;
Maklakova О.А. — data processing, writing the text;
Osheva L.V. — data processing, writing the text.
All the authors have approved of the ultimate version of the manuscript and bear full responsibility for integrity of its parts.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: September 6, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: November 20, 2023

Introduction. Ambient air pollution with heavy metals, included aluminum, creates their elevated levels in children and leads to rather early decompensation of weak genetically heritable systems of the body including the nervous system.

Materials and methods. We examined eighty six 4–7 years children with asthenic syndrome. Fifty two of them (the test group) lived and attended preschool facilities in a zone influenced by emissions from aluminum production (a dose created by a non-ferrous metallurgic plant is 5.65×10^–5 mg/(kg·day)). The reference group was made of 34 children who lived on a conditionally clean territory and were exposed to airborne aluminum in a dose of 3.0×10^–6 mg/(kg·day). Within this study, there were examined several children’s biological media including urine (aluminum), blood (serotonin and cortisol), and buccal epithelium (HTR2A rs7997012 gene). Differences were considered to be significant at a p<0.05.

Results. We established statistically significantly higher aluminum levels in urine (1.3 times higher) in the test group against the reference one (0.012±0.0001 and 0.0092±0.0012 respectively); authentically higher prevalence of the minor allele G of the HTR2A (rs7997012) serotonin receptor gene (authentically 1.6 times higher in the test group against the reference one). Both these factors create an elevated risk of asthenic syndrome, 1.86 times higher in the test group (OR=1.86; 95%CI (1.02–3.67)) together with lower serotonin levels (130.28±32.42 ng/ml and 183.35±34.57 ng/ml respectively) and higher cortisol levels (278.08±25.90 nmol/cm3 and 191.28±21.62 nmol/cm³ respectively).

Limitations. The limitation is application of the identified stress biomarkers for diagnostics of nervous system disorders that manifest themselves in children through asthenic syndrome associated with exposure to aluminum.

Conclusion. A/G replacement of the HTR2A (rs7997012) gene creates a 1.86 times higher risk of asthenic syndrome (OR=1.86; 95%CI (1.02–3.67)) for children with elevated aluminum levels in urine under inhalation exposure to it in a dose equal to 5.65×10^–5 mg/kg·day). The disease would have such a peculiarity as longer recurrence and its biomarkers include an imbalance between indicators of a developing stress, cortisol, and serotonin.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was accomplished in compliance with the WMA Declaration of Helsinki (revised in 2013) and approved by the local ethics committee of the Federal Scientific Center of Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies of the Federal Service for Surveillance over Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing – Protocol No. 5 of June 03, 2022.

Consent. Each participant (or their legal representative) gave an informed voluntary consent to take part in the study and to their personal medical data being published in impersonal form in the Hygiene and Sanitation journal

Contributions:
Dolgikh О.V. — study design and concept, editing the text;
Zaitseva N.V. — study design and concept, editing the text;
Subbotina А.А. — data collection and analysis, statistical analysis, writing the text;
Kazakova О.А. — data collection and analysis, statistical analysis, writing the text;
Alikina I.N. — data collection and analysis, statistical analysis, writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 28, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: November 20, 2023

Introduction. In vivo testing of a huge number of chemical compounds is difficult from an ethical point of view, time-consuming, depends on a large number of objects of animal origin and requires large material costs for conducting experiments. Therefore, there is a need for new thinking to optimize the conduct of toxicological studies.

The purpose of this study is to substantiate the possibility of using structure-activity models in the framework of a preliminary assessment of chemicals toxicity.

Materials and methods. The study included three groups of chemicals including organothiophosphates, triazoles, and carbamates. The calculation of descriptors based on SMILES, the construction and validation of regression models was carried out using the tools of the Scikit-learn Version 1.2.2 library in an interactive cloud environment working with the Google Colaboratory program code.

Results. When comparing a number of models for predicting oral toxicity, it was revealed that a model based on decision trees has the best predictive ability for organothiophosphates and triazoles: 70.1% and 69.5% of cases of descriptor changes led to a change in the endpoint value, respectively; a model for predicting carbamate toxicity based on a random forest explains 53.1% of the observed variance common log (1/DL₅₀).

Limitations. The study is limited to the area of distribution of the obtained mathematical models.

Conclusion. As the study showed, the constructed models can explain only some part of the studied effect, therefore, models based on the structure-activity relationship should be used exclusively for preliminary assessment of the toxicity of chemicals, as a screening tool.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Guseva E.A. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Nikolayeva N.I. — writing a text, editing;
Filin A.S. — editing;
Rasskazova Yu.V. — collection and processing of material, editing;
Onishchenko G.G. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: June 30, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: November 20, 2023

Introduction. Molybdenum (VI) oxide nanoparticles (MoO₃ NPs) are being actively introduced into practical use as part of catalysts, optics, plastics, textiles, coatings, and lubricants, gas sensors, and crude oil refining processes. MoO₃ NPs are known to exhibit toxic properties when interacting with living systems. Atmospheric air pollution with potentially dangerous MoO₃ NPs can contribute to the inhalation exposure in the population and, as a result, the development of health disorders caused by the toxic effect of the nanomaterial. In this regard, the study of the adverse effects caused by MoO₃ NPs entering the body during aerogenic exposure is particularly relevant.

The aim of the study. Investigation and evaluation of subacute toxicity of MoO₃ NPs by the inhalation route of entry into the body in comparison with a microsized chemical analogue.

Materials and methods. The physical properties of MoO₃ NPs were studied in comparison with microparticles (MPs). In an experiment on Wistar rats, a comparative analysis was performed and a characteristic of the pathogenetic features of the toxic effect of particles during subacute inhalation exposure at a concentration of 1.84 mg/m³ was given.

Results. According to the totality of physical properties, the MoO₃ sample under study is a nanomaterial with an average particle size of 58.8 nm, constituting 84.2% of the total number of particles. MoO₃ NPs accumulate in the heart, lungs, kidneys, and brain. The concentration of molybdenum is by 2.50–15.85 times higher than the control levels. The highest content of the studied element was found in the lungs. Bioaccumulation of MP MoO₃ was noted only in the lungs, while the concentration of molybdenum is by 3.00 times less in comparison with the exposure to NPs. When exposed to MoO₃ NPs, more pronounced changes in biochemical (an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase, LDH, the concentration of total bilirubin and creatinine by 1.29–2.11 times) and hematological parameters (a decrease in the number of platelets and thrombocrit by 1.2 times) of blood were noted relative to the impact of a microscale analogue. Under the influence of NPs and MPs of MoO₃, pathomorphological changes develop in the lungs, brain, and liver tissues. When exposed to NPs, compensatory lung emphysema, focal microvesicular steatosis in hepatocytes, and acute plethora in the liver were found, which were not detected during exposure to NPs.

Limitations. The study was performed only with subacute inhalation exposure to NPs and MPs of MoO₃ in Wistar rats.

Conclusion. MoO₃ NPs have a higher degree of bioaccumulation and toxicity relative to MPs. The results of the study make it possible to expand theoretical concepts and gain new knowledge in the field of nanotoxicology about the features of the toxic effect of nano-sized MoO3 with multiple inhalation routes of entry into the body at a concentration of 1.84 mg/m³.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was carried out in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental or other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123) and the requirements of the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Technologies for Public Health Risk Management (protocol No. 6 of 20.01 .2021).

Contribution:
Zemlyanova M.A. — the concept and design of the study, processing of the material, writing the text;
Zaitseva N.V. — concept and design of the study, statistical processing of the material, editing;
Stepankov M.S. — collection of material, processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 21, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: November 20, 2023

Introduction. Assessing the type of combined action of chemicals is a complex and pressing problem of hygiene and preventive medicine.

The purpose of the work is to expand methodological approaches to assessing the characteristics of the combined interaction of a number of chemical substances based on the analysis of parameterized cause-and-effect relationships of exposure and negative effects and quantitative assessment of additional health risks.

Materials and methods. There was applied basic multiple logistic regression model, which is an assessment of the probability of developing a negative effect simultaneously with the isolated and combined effects of substances. The model was implemented for three components, the exposure of which was confirmed by exposure to biomarkers. Expert assessment of the type of combined action, carried out taking into account the regression coefficients of the adopted models. Quantitative assessment of the additional risk of negative effects from isolated and combined exposure to substances is carried out according to the parameters of cause-and-effect relationships of exposure to biomarkers and effects. Approbation of the methodological method provided for conditions of exposure to short-term aerogenic exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, significantly exceeding the reference concentrations (15.4 Rfc), with combustion oxide and hydrofluoride at the level of reference indicators (0.2–0.8 Rfc). The results of a study of cause-and-effect relationships based on previously conducted (in 2021–2022) medical examinations of four hundred fifty four exposed and unexposed 4-7 years children were used as biomarker effects.

Results. Depending on the binary combination of three chemical substances and the choice of biomarker of the negative effect (8 indicators), various options for the combined action were identified (24 options in total). For 10 of them, an increase in the adverse effect was established. The predominant nature of the action is the synergistic nature, which causes, in addition to the isolated one, the risk of developing negative effects on the part of the immune, bone and nervous systems, exceeding up to 56.8 times the acceptable level.

Limitations. During the combination effect, there was measured the substance in a binary combination of substances, taking into account the adverse effect and the direction of biomarkers.

Conclusion. In the practice of hygienic assessments, it is necessary to take into account the additional risk of developing negative effects with more complex types of combined action (synergism, antagonism) than simple summation, which will increase the objectivity of the hygienic assessment of the risk to the health of the exposed population.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Reservative Technologies for Risk Management of the Population of the Rospotrebnadzor (meeting protocol No. 2 dated 11.02.2021), and the Gelsinki Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (as amended 2013) was carried out.

Contribution:
Zaitseva N.V. — editing;
Zemlyanova M.A. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Koldibekova Yu.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing text;
Kiryanov D.A. — study concept and design, editing;
Chigvintsev V.M. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 21, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: November 20, 2023