Vol 103, No 7 (2024)

Scopes and complexity of tasks related to providing hygienic safety of the population in the Russian Federation create great demand for up-to-date digitalization. It involves transformation of analogue data and work processes into electronic format, automation of business processes and operational data analysis.

The aim of this study was to describe basic scientific approaches and methodical techniques of digitalization in solving hygienic tasks of current importance. The study involved using neural networks, mathematical modelling, operational structural and dynamic analysis, etc. As part of domestic hygienic science, the method of neural networks has been developed for situational modelling and forecasting the population life expectancy under the influence of a complex of heterogeneous factors. We developed methodology for analysis and parameterization of epidemic waves considering regional specificity. Science-intensive research is being conducted to build a digital model of a person as a tool for in siliko simulation of the body’s responses to any external influences. The results of cellular, subcellular, and molecular technologies are being actively translated into digital formats for the purposes of sanitary-epidemiological analysis, clinical epidemiology, and evidence-based medicine. To solve practical hygienic problems, a new conceptual scheme of the cascade system “control and surveillance activities – habitat – public health” has been proposed. It makes possible to assess prevented health losses and economic damages. A conceptual scheme has been developed for incorporating forms of remote control into the general system of automation sanitary service activities. There are described methods and techniques for solving a set of other hygienic problems, including the formation of an evidence base for the negative impact of risk factors on public health, digital processing of research data, identification of pollutants using computer vision methods, and a number of others.

Conclusion. Digitalization that involves use of multi-dimensional big data together with up-to-date methods for their science intensive analysis ensures the most prompt and adequate solutions to relevant hygienic issues, allows more accurate predictions and provides wider opportunities for effective prevention activities performed by institutions responsible for hygienic safety and population health in the country.

Contribution:
Zaitseva N.V. – study concept and design, editing the text;
May I.V. – data collection and analysis, writing the text;
Alekseev V.B. – data collection, editing the text;
Kiryanov D.А. – data analysis.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The research was supported by financing provided from the Federal Budget.

Received: April 3, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 31, 2024

Introduction. The influence of natural silicon (Si) on the organism of laboratory animals was studied at levels corresponding to the current maximum permissible concentration of Si in drinking water. The first part of the study revealed a positive effect of the element on the activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, the content of total protein, albumin and creatinine in blood serum. The second part of the study examined the manifestations of oxidative stress and the state of the antioxidant defense system in the same animals.

Materials and methods. The effect of drinking water containing natural Si at MPC levels was assessed in a 3-month experiment on eighty white outbred male rats. There were studied biochemical indices characterizing oxidative stress and the state of antioxidant defense including the content of malondialdehyde (MDA); activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), albumin content in blood serum.

Results. The silicon entering the body of animals at concentrations of 17±3.4 mg/l and 20.5±4.1 mg/l significantly affected the manifestation of oxidative stress and the state of antioxidant defense indices. A decrease in the SOD, CAT, and GPX activity was recorded in parallel with a decline in the MDA content in the blood hemolysate and an increase in the albumin content in the blood serum.

Limitations. Limitations of the study are related to the short duration of observation and the small number of points for determining biochemical indices over time.

Conclusion. Natural silicon contained in drinking water in concentrations close to the maximum permissible concentration had a positive effect on the balance of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative stress in laboratory animals. The data obtained in the 1^st and 2^nd parts of the study on the positive effects of the natural silicon entering the body in laboratory animals at MPC levels need to be confirmed in longer and more detailed experiments. One of the reasons for health problems among the population of the silicon biogeochemical province of Chuvashia may presumably be the undetected intake of nanosilicon from drinking water.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical committee of the Center for Strategic Planning and Management of Medical and Biological Health Risks” of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, conducted in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or for Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), the Directive of the European Parliament and Council of the European Union 2010/63/EC of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Contribution:
Egorova N.A. – concept and design of the study, material analysis, writing text, editing;
Rakhmanin Yu.A. – concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Mikhailova R.I. – concept and design of the study, editing;
Khripach L.V. – biochemical analysis;
Alekseeva A.V. – research organization;
Ryzhova I.N. – concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material;
Kochetkova M.G. – collection and processing of material, approval of the final version of the article;
Knyazeva T.D. – biochemical analysis.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 8, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 31, 2024

Introduction. New technologies are being actively introduced in Russian railway transport – high-speed and high-speed traffic, automated control of technological processes using artificial intelligence. In this regard, the role of mental labour and the intensity of the labour process increases, which creates additional risks of health disorders.

The purpose of the work is to determine the nature of changes in the functional state in the body of transport workers using modern production process technologies – automatic train guidance systems and remote train tracking.

Materials and methods. Comparative hygienic and physiological studies of more thirty locomotive crews were carried out in production conditions when working in normal mode and using automated train management systems; 15 operator drivers and train drivers-instructors of the center for dispatching control and traffic control of electric trains.

Results. A qualitative change in the occupation load of employees in locomotive crews has been established when using automated train management systems. An improvement in most indices of the production load of assistant drivers has been revealed, stipulating a possible transition to work without an assistant when using automated train driving.

The analysis of individual components of the occupation load in employees in locomotive crews working in modern conditions of labour management designate its qualitative change due to the gain in the information component, which requires improvement of the system for assessing the readiness of employees associated with train movement for production activities.

Limitations. The research was conducted with the participation of employees in locomotive crews without medical contraindications for work in the occupation and are allowed training work in accordance with the procedure provided by orders of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.

Conclusion. The gain in the information component causes a qualitative change in the occupation load in employees in locomotive crews working in advanced forms of labour management, which determines the requirements for assessing the readiness of locomotive crews for train work based on improved methods and criteria for evaluating performance for occupational selection and prevention of health disorders.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in accordance with the generally accepted scientific principles of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (ed. 2013) and in accordance with the Program-methodology developed by the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Transport Hygiene of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being and agreed with the employer, which is responsible for employees in locomotive crews, machinists, operators, and employees of the dispatch and operator group. Employees of these occupational groups participated in the study on a voluntary basis. Due to the absence of personal data in the research materials, informed voluntary consent of employees is not required.

Contribution:
Vilk M.F. – research concept and design, editing;
Tulushev V.N. – collection, processing and analysis of the material, writing the text;
Kaptsov V.A. – analysis of research results, editing of conclusions;
Pankova V.B. – analysis of the material, writing and editing of the text;
Latynin E.O. – processing and analysis of the material, technical design.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 22, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 31, 2024

Introduction. Miners have a high incidence of occupational and industrial-related diseases. Combined pathology of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems is most often observed. Atherosclerosis occupies a central place in cardiovascular diseases, the pathogenesis of which has a complex nature, including inflammatory, autoimmune, neurohumoral, and molecular genetic mechanisms.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the contribution of polymorphisms of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes to the formation of atherosclerosis of various location in coal miners with occupational dust lung pathology.

Materials and methods. There were examined one hundred ninety four coal mine workers with long-term labour experience. All cases were divided into 2 groups at stage 1: the main group – 129 miners with a previously proven diagnosis of “dust lung pathology”; the comparison group – 65 miners of the same coal enterprises working in similar conditions, but without occupational disease of the bronchopulmonary system. At the second stage of the study, all patients with dust lung pathology were divided into subgroups matched by sex, age, and ethnicity. The first subgroup included the miners with dust lung pathology burdened with atherosclerosis (n=77), the second group consisted of the persons with dust lung pathology without atherosclerosis (n=52). DNA was isolated from the venous blood of all the examined patients, followed by genotyping using the Real-Time allele-specific polymerase chain reaction.

Results. A statistically significant relationship was found between the presence of dust lung pathology and the formation of atherosclerosis in long-term labour experience miners (χ²=5.02; p=0.026; OR=2.08; 95% CI=1.14–3.82). The contribution of the rs1800795 polymorphism of the IL-6 gene and the rs2243250 one of the IL-4 gene to the formation of occupational dust lung pathology had been detected. The genotypes of risk (homozygote for the T allele of the IL-4 gene and the G/C heterozygote of the IL-6 gene) and resistance (homozygote for the C allele of the IL-4 gene and homozygote for the G allele of the IL-6 gene) were identified. An analysis of the frequency of distribution of the studied genotypes between the miners with dust lung pathology in combination with atherosclerosis and a group of people with occupational pulmonary pathology without atherosclerosis revealed no significant differences.

Limitations. The investigation conducted has limitations in the number of studied genes that contribute to the formation of atherosclerosis. The limitation is the relatively small number of the subjects obtained by dividing the total sample of the patients with dust pathology into subgroups with or without atherosclerosis.

Conclusion. The results obtained may indicate an indirect effect of the rs1800795 polymorphism of the IL-6 gene and the rs2243250 one of the IL-4 gene on the development of atherosclerosis in miners with occupational bronchopulmonary pathology, which proves the need for further study of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis among coal industry workers with the determination of not only individual genetic markers of predisposition and resistance, but also intergene interactions.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases (Protocol No. 3, § 1 of April 08, 2021). The examination of patients was carried out on the basis of ethical standards elaborated in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association “Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects” as amended 2013 and the “Rules of Proper Clinical Practice” approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated April 1, 2016 N 200n.

Contribution:
Kazitskaya A.S. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Yadykina T.K. – processing of material;
Doroshilova A.V. – statistical processing;
Zhukova A.G. – editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 27, 202 / Revised: May 25, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 31, 2024

Introduction. The prevalence of atherosclerosis in the Russian Federation has been poorly studied due to the large number of population groups. The assessment of the atherosclerosis rate is controversial because of different approaches and combinations of the examined vascular beds, while asymptomatic atherosclerosis is increasingly being detected due to the lack of proper attention of clinicians to patients of the middle group of cardiovascular fatal risk.

Materials and methods. Three hundred eighty five long-term labour experience 40 to 55 years workers of the main occupations of the coal and aluminum industry were examined. Using the SCORE scale, 78 miners and 79 metallurgists with average risk from 2 to 4% were identified from the total sample. All cases underwent ultrasound examination of the main arteries. The risk factors included in the fatal risk SCORE scale had been studied.

Results. A comparison of the atherosclerotic process of the main arteries in the studied groups revealed a high occurence of multifocal atherosclerosis, to a greater extent in miners – 80.3%, which is significantly less in comparison with aluminum production workers – 54.2%, p=0.020. The share of persons with a lesion of one vascular bed in the form of stenosis among miners significantly exceeded that of metallurgists: 68.0% and 50.6%, p=0.027. The same trend was observed in the brachiocephalic arteries (42.3 vs. 21.5%, p=0.005) and the main arteries of the lower extremities (55.1 vs. 34.2%, p=0.008), respectively. There were no significant differences in the commonly accepted risk factors for atherosclerosis between the groups.

Limitations. The study is limited to the number of patients with the signs corresponding to the middle fatal risk group on the SCORE scale.

Conclusion. The frequency of atherosclerosis among workers in the main occupations in the coal and aluminum industry, who have a moderate fatal risk, turned out to be extremely high, and to a greater extent in miners, which requires urgent preventive measures and medical supervision. Commonly accepted factors of moderate risk groups according to the SCORE scale of the studied occupational cohort were not leading in the development of atherosclerosis.

Compliance with ethical standards. All subjects signed an informed consent to participate in the study, the protocol of which corresponded to the requirements of the Bioethical Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, executed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association “Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects” as amended 2013 and the “Rules of Proper Clinical Practice” approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated April 1, 2016 N 200n.

Contribution:
Korotenko O.Yu. – collection of material, writing a text;
Filimonov E.S. – the concept and design of the study, statistical processing, writing a text;
Mikhailova N.N. – editing;
Ulanova E.V. – collection of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 15, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 31, 2024

Introduction. The miners labour is characterized by significant physical and mental stress, leading in workers to the deterioration of the adaptive potential and the development of an emotional burnout syndrome.

The study aim was to identify the symptoms of the emotional burnout syndrome in workers of coal enterprises with long labour experience in the South of Kuzbass.

Materials and methods. There was conducted survey in one hundred four coal industry workers in the South of Kuzbass who have occupational diseases and were treated at the Clinic of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, aged of 43 to 67 years with labour experience in harmful conditions from 25 to 32 years. The emotional burnout syndrome was assessed by the V.V. Boyko technique. A new Russian-language version of the DS14-RU questionnaire was used to determine the type of personality. Risk factors for the development of emotional burnout were studied using an original questionnaire.

Results. The study showed 64.7% of the workers of the main occupations at coal enterprises in the South of Kuzbass with long labour experience to have one of the formed stages of the development of emotional burnout syndrome. The second stage of emotional burnout syndrome, which was formed in 37.5% of respondents, was the most widespread. The majority of miners associated key aspects of emotional burnout syndrome with emotional and moral disorientation of behaviour (90.4% of the respondents), reduction of occupational responsibilities (72.1% of the respondents), emotional deficit (68.8% of the workers), and inadequate selective emotional response (63.5% of the miners). The prevalence of the D personality type among the respondents was 56.5%, which was significantly higher than among the conventionally healthy employable population.

Limitations. The study is limited by the number of examined patients undergoing treatment at the Clinic of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases.

Conclusion. The specificity of the emotional burnout syndrome and its leading symptoms in workers of the coal industry in the South of Kuzbass with long work experience in harmful conditions has been determined. The highest values were found at the second stage of emotional burnout. A high prevalence of the D personality type was identified among the interviewed persons.

Compliance with ethical standards. All subjects signed an informed consent to participate in the study, the protocol of which corresponded to the requirements of the Bioethical Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, executed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association “Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Humans Subjects” as amended 2013. CONCLUSION of the Committee on Biomedical Ethics (Ethics Committee) of the Scientific Research Institute of CGPP, Protocol No. 2, § 1 of March 21, 2024.

Contribution:
Pestereva D.V. – concept and design of the study, collection of material, statistical processing, writing the text;
Tapeshkina N.V. – concept and design of the study, editing;
Semenova E.A. – collection of material;
Logunova T.D. – editing the article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 27, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 31, 2024

Introduction. In the Russian Federation, there is a high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among workers in hazardous industries. The modern concept of the etiology and pathogenesis of cardiovascular pathology includes provisions on multifactoriality. Timely detection of disorders of lipid metabolism is extremely important, since the atherosclerotic process is one of the most important factors of cardiovascular risk. Analysis of the modifiable causes of the development of dyslipidemia in workers of industrial enterprises, the main component of which is poor nutrition, is of undoubted relevance

The purpose is to study the characteristics of the diet in terms of the development of atherogenic dyslipidemia, as a cardiovascular risk factor, for workers of industrial enterprises.

Materials and methods. There were examined fifty seven 47–62 years male employees in the engineering industry, working under conditions of exposure to harmful production factors, such as the severity of the labour process and noise, exceeding hygienic standards. The examinees were divided into two groups taking into account the blood lipid spectrum. The first group included workers with atherogenic dyslipidemia (37 people), the second group of 20 people consisted of workers with an optimal lipid profile. The subjects of both groups are comparable in terms of experience, age, and level of physical activity. Laboratory studies included the determination of lipid spectrum indices. The assessment of the actual nutrition by the frequency method with a quantitative assessment of the consumed food products was carried out. The reliability of differences in characteristics was determined using the Pearson criterion.

Results. The diets in workers with atherogenic dyslipidemia more often exceeded the physiological needs for energy, total fat, cholesterol, saturated fatty acids in comparison with the diets of workers with an optimal lipid profile, the differences in cholesterol intake were statistically significant. Insufficient intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and dietary fiber also had differences between the groups of the examined: it was more often observed in the diet of people with dyslipidemia, achieving significant differences in the level of dietary fiber deficiency.

Limitations. The subjects were workers in the mechanical engineering industry, working under conditions of exposure to the severity of the labor process and noise that exceeded hygienic standards. Data are limited to voluntary study participants.

Conclusions. The results of the study indicate the importance of developing healthy eating habits as one of the directions for effectively reducing cardiovascular risk and preventing atherosclerosis in workers in the mechanical engineering industry in particular, and hazardous industries, in general.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in compliance with ethical standards, approved by the local ethical committee of the F.F. Erisman Federal Research Center for Hygiene of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welbeing (Protocol No. 6 of 22.07.2022), and the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (as mended 2013) was carried out. Voluntary informed consent was received from all participants.

Contribution:
Yatsyna I.V. – concept and design of the study, discussion of the results, editing;
Sheenkova M.V. – concept and design of the study, data processing, text writing, discussion of results, statistical analysis, collection of literature data, editing;
Gavrilchenko D.S. – collection and processing of material, statistical analysis, text writing, collection of literature data.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 18, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 31, 2024

Introduction. Nutrition is one of the important environmental factors that determine human health. Each person is individual, and food stereotypes formed in the family from childhood directly affect his eating behaviour in adulthood, regardless of the chosen specialty.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the peculiarities of the formation of eating behaviour in doctors of different specialties carrying out medical activities in medical instituions of different forms of ownership in the South of Kuzbass.

Materials and methods. To assess eating behaviour, a questionnaire survey was conducted; the study was selective. The total sample size was sixty three female doctors, average age was 38.6±3.4 years, working only during the day, married, with one or more children. When studying eating behaviour, there were taken into account as follows: awareness of nutrition issues, peculiarities of food choice, diet; the subjects underwent anthropometry; calculation of the weight index when ranking nutrition awareness factors.

Results. The determining factors when choosing food products were taste preferences (50.0%) and the cost of the food product (33.0%). An analysis of the multiplicity of food consumption showed that bread and bakery products, potatoes, butter, and vegetable oils were present in the daily diet, and meat, vegetables, pasta, and cereals were consumed daily by 39-56% of respondents. When choosing food products in families (weight index – 11.2), a significant role was given to taste preferences in the family, in second place in importance (weight index – 6.9) was the level of education of the spouse, in third place was the number of children in the family (weight index – 2.0).

Limitations. This study is limited to a sample of a group of doctors working in outpatient-and-polyclinic institutions and medical institutions of various forms of ownership in the South of Kuzbass.

Conclusion. The elaboration of preventive measures among doctors on healthy nutrition should be carried out taking into account previously identified violations and be personalized and regional in nature.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a Biomedical Ethics Committee opinion or other documents.

Contribution:
Tapeshkina N.V. – the concept and design of the study, writing a text;
Semenova E.A. – collection and processing of material;
Korsakova T.G. – collection and processing of material;
Logunova T.D. – collection and processing of material;
Filimonov S.N. – editing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 15, 2024 / Revised: May 23, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 31, 2024

Introduction. Microparticles of polymer compounds are common in the environment. polystyrene particles are the most common types of microplastics. The most interesting subject of the study is the assessment of the potentiating properties of microplastics on the manifestations of toxicity of common substances entering the body by alimentary means, primarily such as acrylamide and ethanol.

Materials and methods. The experimental work was performed on a cell culture of mouse MH-22a hepatocytes in compliance with the principles of working with mammalian cell cultures. An MTT test was used to study cell viability by respiratory activity. The statistical analysis was performed in the SPSS Statistics 21 software.

Results. The article presents the results of an experimental study of the respiratory activity of cells under combined treatment with 300 nm polystyrene microparticles at a concentration of 0.025% with acrylamide and ethanol. Preliminary experimental data is presented to substantiate the selected concentration of the microplastic under study, demonstrating its low acute cytotoxicity. The calculated IC50 values for cell survival for acrylamide and ethanol under single exposure and combined exposure with polystyrene microparticles for 24 hours had insignificant differences.

Limitations. The study was performed on a cell culture of mouse MH-22a hepatocytes (monolayer) cultured in accordance with the requirements of the culture passport and treated with 300 nm polystyrene microparticles and their mixtures with acrylamide and ethanol only for 24 hours in microplate format.

Conclusion. A comparative analysis of survival values when exposed to toxic substances without addition and in the presence of microplastics revealed no significant differences between cell groups, which at the moment did not allow detecting the potentiating effect of polystyrene microparticles with a size of 300 nm on the toxicity of acrylamide and ethanol under 24-hour combined treatment.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was carried out in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123), Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and the requirements of the Bioethical Commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology” (protocol No. 01-02 of 08.02.2024).

Contribution:
Kudoyarov E.R. – writing text, collection and processing of material;
Karimov D.O. – concept and design of the study;
Gizatullina A.A. – collection and processing of material;
Karimov D.D. – editing;
Baygildin S.S. – collection and processing of material;
Yakupova T.G. – collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgements. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 27, 2024 / Revised: May 25, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 31, 2024

Introduction. 90% of the Kuzbass population lives in an industrial zone with a high level of anthropogenic load. Novokuznetsk is classified as a city with a critically high level of environmental pollution and the risk of developing diseases. The incidence of congenital malformations in the Kemerovo region is on average 3–5 times higher than in the Russian Federation.

Materials and methods. The average annual concentrations of pollutants in the Novokuznetsk urban district for 2020–2022 were calculated. A survey of sixty young primigravida women living in Novokuznetsk was conducted. In more than 50% of cases, gestational sac death was diagnosed. Variants of the CYP1A2 and GSTM1 genes of the xenobiotic biotransformation system were determined in these women by polymerase chain reaction, and their combinations were considered.

Results. A significant excess of the maximum permissible concentrations of benz(a)pyrene, formaldehyde, suspended substances, and nitrogen dioxide was revealed while reducing the total volumes of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere of Novokuznetsk. There was a five-fold increase in the share of congenital malformations and a twenty-fold gain in the number of missed miscarriages over the past 20 years. A statistically reliable association of gestational sac death was found in women with the C/ACYP1A2*1F genotype in combination with a deletion polymorphism of the GSTM1 gene (χ² = 3.94; OR = 7.00), while the C/ACYP1A2*1F genotype in combination with the normally functioning GSTM1 ”+” gene is associated with the resistance to miscarriage (χ² = 9.16; OR = 0.19).

Limitations. The study was of a pilot nature, so it is advisable to increase the sample in the future.

Conclusion. There have been identified combinations of gene forms of phases I and II of the xenobiotic biotransformation system associated with unfavourable pregnancy outcomes which can be used as markers of reproductive losses and taken into account when planning and carrying a pregnancy.

Compliance with ethical standards. The examination of patients corresponded to the ethical standards of the Bioethical Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, elaborated in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical “Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects” as amended 2013 and the “Rules of Proper Clinical Practice” approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated April 1, 2016 N 200n. Each participant of the study gave informed voluntary written consent to take part in the study.

Contribution:
Gulyaeva O.N. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, editing;
Kislitsyna V.V. – collection and processing of material;
Zhukova A.G. – the concept of the study, editing;
Kazitskaya A.S. – collection and processing of material;
Yadykina T.K. – collection and processing of material;
Matoshin S.V. – collection and processing of material;
Shramko S.V. – the concept and design of the study.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 2, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 31, 2024

Introduction. The analysis of the incidence in adolescents (15–17 years old inclusive) showed its significant increase during the first two decades of the XXI century. The prevalence of borderline mental disorders among adolescents and cases with deviant behaviour, unhealthy lifestyle, conflict and difficult life situations are increasing. Adolescents and young people need comprehensive medical care, managed with taking into account age-related psychological and social characteristics.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the trend in health indicators of older adolescents, social problems affecting the development of their health and education, and scientific substantiation of the main directions and principles of managing medical care and social assistance to adolescents and youth.

Materials and methods. According to official statistics, a comparative analysis of the incidence in 0–14 years children and 15–17 years adolescents for the period 2005–2022 was carried out by the main classes of somatic pathology and mental disorders. According to scientific literature, basic information about the medical and social problems in adolescents and 15–25 years youth has been systematized.

Results. Analysis of the incidence in adolescents showed its growth and revealed classes of diseases for which the rates of adolescents are higher than in children. This allows determining the main directions of treatment and preventive work. The main medical and social problems of adolescents include: health risks caused by educational factors; unhealthy lifestyle; destructive forms of behaviour; early sexual activity; early employment; professional choice that does not correspond to individual health characteristics.

Limitations. The considered medical and social problems are characteristic of older adolescents (15–17 years old inclusive) and young people.

Conclusion. Due to the high incidence and unfavourable course of pathologies, psychological characteristics, and the significant prevalence of medical-social problems in adolescence and young people, it is advisable to create medical-social centers for adolescents and youth on the basis of medical institutions in the country.

Compliance with ethical standards. To conduct this study, the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee was not required (the expert analytical study was carried out on data from official statistics and scientific literature published in the open press).

Contribution:
Kuchma V.R. and Yatsyna I.V. – study concept and design, article editing;
Rapoport I.K. – collecting material and writing the text of the article;
Chubarovsky V.V. – collecting material and editing an article;
Sokolova S.B. – collection of material, statistical processing of results and editing of the article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 11, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 31, 2024

6 августа 2024 г. исполняется 75 лет Виктору Степановичу Рукавишникову – выдающемуся учёному-гигиенисту, члену-корреспонденту РАН, доктору медицинских наук, профессору, почётному профессору ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда им. академика Н.Ф. Измерова», ФГУП «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт гигиены транспорта» Роспотребнадзора, Иркутского научного центра хирургии и травматологии, научного руководителя Восточно-Сибирского института медико-экологических исследований. В.С. Рукавишников – признанный авторитет в области медицины труда и экологии человека, более полувека посвятивший науке, автор более 400 научных работ, 14 монографий, 20 изобретений.