Cadmium concentrations in hair in the population of the subjects of the Russian Federation: a systematic review

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Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic trace elements. The most important sources of Cd contamination by burning fossil fuels as coal or oil and incineration of urban waste, including plastics and nickel-cadmium batteries. In all countries these sources make Cd contamination an important health issue worldwide. Cd can enter the body through smoking tobacco, eating and drinking food and water polluted with Cd, and breathong. Cd concentration in human hair, nails and blood is considered as an indicator of environmental pollution. However, there is little systemized information on Cd concentration in human tissues in Russia.

This is a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. We performed a systematic search and qualitative synthesis of scientific literature on Cd concentrations in hair across Russia between 2011 and 2021. PubMed and e-library were the main sources of scientific information in English and Russian, respectively. Initial search returned 1202 matches. Twenty-nine papers remained for qualitative synthesis after screening and eligibility analysis.

Studies on Cd concentrations were performed in only 19 of 85 federal subjects (22.4%). No heterogeneity was observed in sample preparation while methods of laboratory analysis varied between the settings and included inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, and inversion voltammetry. The sample sizes ranged from 12 to 5908 individuals. The average Cd concentrations varied from 0.010 mg/kg to 0.164 mg/kg. The greatest concentrations of Cd were reported from Sibai in the Orenburg Region (0.164 mg/kg), in indigenous people of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (0.15 mg/kg) and in residents of the Arctic part of the Sakha Republic (0.14 mg/kg); The maximum values on the abovementioned regions were 7.02 mg/kg, 0.52 mg/kg, and 0.51 mg/kg. High maximum concentrations were also found in the Republic of Bashkortostan (0,9 mg/kg) and in Yaroslavl (0,37 mg/kg).

Conclusion. Data on Cd concentrations in human hair from 66 federal subjects are still needed for mapping of Cd concentration in Russia. Further data collection should be performed using representative and sufficient sample samples while presentation of the results should contain detailed information on methods of data collection and analysis to ensure reproducibility and comparability of the findings.

Contribution:
Chanchaeva E.A. — information search, identification, screening, eligibility assessment, article writing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Grzhibovsky A.M. — the concept and design of the study, methodological aspects, critical comments, revision of the manuscript, editing and approval of the final version of the article;
Kurylenko T.K. — assessment of the acceptability of publications, design of references, list of references;
Malkov P.Yu. — preparation of a diagram, drawing, table. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 26, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023

About the authors

Elena A. Chanchaeva

Gorno-Altaisk State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: noemail@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5281-1145
Russian Federation

Andrej M. Grjibovski

Northern State Medical University; Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University; West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University; Northern (Arctic) Federal University

Email: a.grjibovski@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5464-0498

MD, PhD, Head of the Directorate for Research and Innovations, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, 163061, Russian Federation; Professor of the Department of Public Health, Health Care, General Hygiene and Bioethics, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000, Russian Federation; Professor of the Department of Health Policy and Management, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan.

e-mail: Andrej.grjibovski@gmail.com

Russian Federation

Tatiana K. Kurilenko

Gorno-Altaisk State University

Email: noemail@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7527-8686
Russian Federation

Peter Yu. Malkov

Gorno-Altaisk State University

Email: noemail@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4613-531X
Russian Federation

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