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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Sociology of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Sociology of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Социология медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2810</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-2942</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">699043</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/socm699043</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">LGXDWB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SOCIOLOGY OF MEDICAL PROFESSION</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СОЦИОЛОГИЯ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПРОФЕССИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Method for assessing self-rated professional effectiveness among paramedics working in rural areas: a cohort study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Методика диагностики самооценки профессиональной эффективности фельдшеров, работающих в сельской местности: когортное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9203-451X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8224-5777</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanova</surname><given-names>Tatyana M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>bogtanmih@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6250-8331</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8378-3460</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andriyanova</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андриянова</surname><given-names>Елена Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Sociology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р социол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>elena-andriyanova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1110-5276</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2655-7175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Raskaliev</surname><given-names>Rustam A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Раскалиев</surname><given-names>Рустам Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rustamrask@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-5163</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4854-1094</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krom</surname><given-names>Irina L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кром</surname><given-names>Ирина Львовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>irina.crom@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0344-4419</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2248-5246</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedonnikov</surname><given-names>Alexander S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федонников</surname><given-names>Александр Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>fedonnikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saratov State Medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В.И. Разумовского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-21"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-22"><day>22</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-09-03"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjsocmed.com/1728-2810/article/view/699043">https://rjsocmed.com/1728-2810/article/view/699043</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:<italic> </italic></bold>The rural paramedic performs today a wide range of tasks: from conducting preventive examinations and medical check-ups to providing specialized care for patients with chronic diseases, including chronic heart failure (CHF). This multifaceted nature of their work necessitates the use of a specialized medical-sociological instrument for assessing paramedics’ self-evaluation of professional effectiveness.</p> <p><bold>AIM:<italic> </italic></bold>To develop and test a medical-sociological instrument for assessing self-evaluation of professional effectiveness among rural paramedics, considering their specific role in the management of patients with CHF.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The total study sample consisted of 373 paramedics from district hospitals in the Saratov region; all respondents were female. The average age of the respondents was 47 ± 4 years. To conduct a correlation analysis for the purpose of testing convergent validity, a subsample of 77 respondents was formed, with the gender and age structure of the group maintained. Statistical data processing was performed using the Jamovi 2.6.44 software package. The following analyses were conducted: reliability analysis of the instrument (McDonald’s ω), confirmatory factor analysis using the Robust Maximum Likelihood method, and Spearman rank correlation analysis.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:<italic> </italic></bold>The developed medical-sociological instrument “Self-Assessment of Professional Effectiveness of Paramedics” has undergone comprehensive psychometric testing on a sample of 373 individuals. Confirmatory factor analysis using robust procedures (Robust Maximum Likelihood) showed that the scaled model demonstrates optimal goodness-of-fit indices with the empirical data [standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.059; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.059; goodness-of-fit index (GFI) = 0.995; adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) = 0.991; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.908], and all scale items possess statistically significant factor loadings. The reliability of the instrument is confirmed by a high level of internal consistency (McDonald’s ω = 0.838). Convergent validity was established based on identified positive correlations with traditional self-effectiveness scales. Standardization of the questionnaire was conducted, and normative values for interpreting individual results were developed.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:<italic> </italic></bold>The obtained psychometric results confirm the reliability and validity of the developed instrument, which allows it to be recommended for practical use in scientific research in sociology of healthcare. The use of this scale enables a more accurate identification of paramedics’ needs for additional support and professional development, and also contributes to the formation of targeted programs for continuing education and strengthening the human resource capacity of the primary healthcare level.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Сельский фельдшер сегодня выполняет широкий спектр задач: от проведения профилактических осмотров и диспансеризации до оказания специализированной помощи пациентам с хроническими заболеваниями, включая хроническую сердечную недостаточность. Такой многоаспектный характер деятельности требует применения специализированного медико-социологического инструмента для диагностики самооценки профессиональной эффективности фельдшеров.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Разработать и апробировать медико-социологическую методику диагностики самооценки профессиональной эффективности фельдшеров сельских территорий с учётом их особой роли в процессе ведения пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Общая выборка исследования составила 373 фельдшера районных больниц Саратовской области; все респонденты — женщины. Средний возраст составил 47±4 года. Для проведения корреляционного анализа с целью проверки конвергентной валидности была сформирована подвыборка из 77 респондентов; при этом половозрастная структура группы сохранялась. Статистическую обработку данных выполняли в пакете Jamovi 2.6.44. Проведены анализ надёжности методики (ω Макдональда), конфирматорный факторный анализ методом Robust Maximum Likelihood (MLM), а также ранговый корреляционный анализ Спирмена.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Разработанная медико-социологическая методика «Самооценка профессиональной эффективности фельдшеров» прошла психометрическую проверку на выборке из 373 человек. Конфирматорный факторный анализ с использованием робастных процедур (RML) показал, что масштабированная модель демонстрирует оптимальные показатели согласованности с эмпирическими данными [стандартизированный среднеквадратический остаток (SRMR) = 0,059; среднеквадратическая ошибка аппроксимации (RMSEA) = 0,059; индекс соответствия модели (GFI) = 0,995; скорректированный индекс соответствия модели (AGFI) = 0,991; сравнительный индекс соответствия модели (CFI) = 0,908]; все утверждения шкалы обладают статистически значимыми факторными нагрузками. Надёжность методики подтверждена высоким уровнем внутренней согласованности (ω Макдональда = 0,838). Конвергентная валидность установлена на основе выявленных положительных корреляций с традиционными шкалами самоэффективности. Проведена стандартизация опросника и сформированы нормативные значения для интерпретации индивидуальных результатов.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Полученные психометрические результаты подтверждают надёжность и валидность разработанной методики, что позволяет рекомендовать её для практического применения и научных исследований в области социологии здравоохранения. Использование шкалы обеспечивает более точное выявление потребностей фельдшеров в дополнительной поддержке и профессиональном развитии, а также способствует формированию адресных программ повышения квалификации и укреплению кадрового потенциала первичного звена здравоохранения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>self-assessment of paramedics’ professional effectiveness</kwd><kwd>digitization of healthcare</kwd><kwd>rural healthcare</kwd><kwd>social effectiveness of a medical organization</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>самооценка профессиональной эффективности фельдшеров</kwd><kwd>цифровизация медицинской помощи</kwd><kwd>сельское здравоохранение</kwd><kwd>социальная эффективность медицинской организации</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>latyshova AA, Nesvetaylo NYa, Liutsko VV, Ivanova MA. Medical personnel in rural areas: trends in key indicators. 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